Millimeter Light Curves of Sagittarius A* Observed during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed the compact radio source, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), in the Galactic Center on 2017 April 5-11 in the 1.3 mm wavelength band. At the same time, interferometric array data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Submillimeter Array were collected, providing Sgr A* light curves simultaneous with the EHT observations. These data sets, complementing the EHT very long baseline interferometry, are characterized by a cadence and signal-to-noise ratio previously unattainable for Sgr A* at millimeter wavelengths, and they allow for the investigation of source variability on timescales as short as a minute. While most of the light curves correspond to a low variability state of Sgr A*, the April 11 observations follow an X-ray flare and exhibit strongly enhanced variability. All of the light curves are consistent with a red-noise process, with a power spectral density (PSD) slope measured to be between -2 and -3 on timescales between 1 minute and several hours. Our results indicate a steepening of the PSD slope for timescales shorter than 0.3 hr. The spectral energy distribution is flat at 220 GHz, and there are no time lags between the 213 and 229 GHz frequency bands, suggesting low optical depth for the event horizon scale source. We characterize Sgr A*'s variability, highlighting the different behavior observed just after the X-ray flare, and use Gaussian process modeling to extract a decorrelation timescale and a PSD slope. We also investigate the systematic calibration uncertainties by analyzing data from independent data reduction pipelines.

Författare

Maciek Wielgus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Nicola Marchili

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Ivan Marti-Vidal

Universitat de Valencia

Garrett K. Keating

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Turun Yliopisto

Universidad de Concepción

Aalto-Yliopisto

Paul Tiede

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ed Fomalont

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Sara Issaoun

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Joseph Neilsen

Villanova University

Michael A. Nowak

Washington University in St. Louis

Lindy Blackburn

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Charles F. Gammie

University of Illinois

Ciriaco Goddi

Universita degli Studi di Cagliari

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Daryl Haggard

McGill University

Daeyoung Lee

University of Illinois

Monika Moscibrodzka

Radboud Universiteit

Alexandra J. Tetarenko

Texas Tech University at Lubbock

Geoffrey C. Bower

University of Hawaii

Academia Sinica

Chi-kwan Chan

University of Arizona

Koushik Chatterjee

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Paul M. Chesler

Harvard University

Jason Dexter

University of Colorado at Boulder

Sheperd S. Doeleman

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Boris Georgiev

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Waterloo

Mark Gurwell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael D. Johnson

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Daniel P. Marrone

University of Arizona

Alejandro Mus

Universitat de Valencia

Dimitrios Psaltis

University of Arizona

Bart Ripperda

Princeton University

Flatiron Institute

Gunther Witzel

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kazunori Akiyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Harvard University

Antxon Alberdi

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Walter Alef

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Juan Carlos Algaba

University of Malaya

Richard Anantua

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Texas at San Antonio

Harvard University

Keiichi Asada

Academia Sinica

Rebecca Azulay

Universitat de Valencia

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Uwe Bach

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Anne-Kathrin Baczko

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

David Ball

University of Arizona

Mislav Balokovic

Yale University

John Barrett

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Michi Baubock

University of Illinois

Bradford A. Benson

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

University of Chicago

Dan Bintley

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Raymond Blundell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Wilfred Boland

Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)

Katherine L. Bouman

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Hope Boyce

McGill University

Michael Bremer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Christiaan D. Brinkerink

Radboud Universiteit

Roger Brissenden

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Silke Britzen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Avery E. Broderick

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Dominique Broguiere

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Bronzwaer

Radboud Universiteit

Sandra Bustamante

University of Massachusetts

Do-Young Byun

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

John E. Carlstrom

University of Chicago

Chiara Ceccobello

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik

Andrew Chael

Princeton University

Shami Chatterjee

Cornell University

Ming-Tang Chen

Academia Sinica

Yongjun Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ilje Cho

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Pierre Christian

Fairfield University

Nicholas S. Conroy

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Illinois

John Conway

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

James M. Cordes

Cornell University

Thomas M. Crawford

University of Chicago

Geoffrey B. Crew

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yuzhu Cui

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Jordy Davelaar

Radboud Universiteit

Flatiron Institute

Columbia University

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Roger Deane

Universiteit van Pretoria

University of Witwatersrand

Rhodes University

Jessica Dempsey

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

East Asian Observatory

Gregory Desvignes

Université Paris Descartes

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Vedant Dhruv

University of Illinois

Sergio A. Dzib

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Ralph P. Eatough

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Razieh Emami

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Heino Falcke

Radboud Universiteit

Joseph Farah

University of California at Santa Barbara

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network

Vincent L. Fish

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

H. Alyson Ford

University of Arizona

Raquel Fraga-Encinas

Radboud Universiteit

William T. Freeman

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Google Inc.

Per Friberg

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Christian M. Fromm

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg

Antonio Fuentes

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Peter Galison

Harvard University

Roberto Garcia

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Olivier Gentaz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Roman Gold

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Syddansk Universitet

Gomez-Ruiz

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Jose L. Gomez

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Minfeng Gu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Kazuhiro Hada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Kari Haworth

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael H. Hecht

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ronald Hesper

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Luis C. Ho

Beijing University of Technology

Paul Ho

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Academia Sinica

Mareki Honma

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

University of Tokyo

Chih-Wei L. Huang

Academia Sinica

Lei Huang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

David H. Hughes

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Shiro Ikeda

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

The Institute of Statistical Mathematics

C. M. Violette Impellizzeri

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Universiteit Leiden

Makoto Inoue

Academia Sinica

David J. James

ASTRAVEO

Buell T. Jannuzi

University of Arizona

Michael Janssen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Britton Jeter

Academia Sinica

Wu Jiang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales

Radboud Universiteit

Svetlana Jorstad

Boston University

Joshi

University of Illinois

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Mansour Karami

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ramesh Karuppusamy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomohisa Kawashima

University of Tokyo

Mark Kettenis

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Dong-Jin Kim

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jae-Young Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Kyungpook National University

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jongsoo Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Junhan Kim

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

University of Arizona

Motoki Kino

Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jun Yi Koay

Academia Sinica

Prashant Kocherlakota

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yutaro Kofuji

University of Tokyo

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Patrick M. Koch

Academia Sinica

Shoko Koyama

Niigata University

Academia Sinica

Carsten Kramer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Michael Kramer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Thomas P. Krichbaum

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Cheng-Yu Kuo

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Academia Sinica

Noemi La Bella

Radboud Universiteit

Tod R. Lauer

National Optical Astronomy Observatory

Sang-Sung Lee

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Po Kin Leung

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Aviad Levis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Zhiyuan Li

Nanjing University

Rocco Lico

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Greg Lindahl

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael Lindqvist

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

Mikhail Lisakov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jun Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kuo Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Wen-Ping Lo

Academia Sinica

National Taiwan University

Andrei P. Lobanov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Laurent Loinard

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Colin Lonsdale

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ru-Sen Lu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Jirong Mao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Sera Markoff

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Alan P. Marscher

Boston University

Satoki Matsushita

Academia Sinica

Lynn D. Matthews

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Lia Medeiros

University of Arizona

Institute for Advanced Study

Karl M. Menten

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Daniel Michalik

University of Chicago

European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA ESTEC)

Izumi Mizuno

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Yosuke Mizuno

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

James M. Moran

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Kotaro Moriyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Cornelia Mueller

Radboud Universiteit

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Gibwa Musoke

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Radboud Universiteit

Ioannis Myserlis

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Andrew Nadolski

University of Illinois

Hiroshi Nagai

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Neil M. Nagar

Universidad de Concepción

Masanori Nakamura

Academia Sinica

National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College

Ramesh Narayan

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Gopal Narayanan

University of Massachusetts

Iniyan Natarajan

University of Witwatersrand

South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)

Antonios Nathanail

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Santiago Navarro Fuentes

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Roberto Neri

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chunchong Ni

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Aristeidis Noutsos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Junghwan Oh

Sejong University

Hiroki Okino

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

Hector Olivares

Radboud Universiteit

Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Tomoaki Oyama

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Feryal Ozel

University of Arizona

Daniel C. M. Palumbo

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Georgios Filippos Paraschos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jongho Park

Academia Sinica

Harriet Parsons

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Nimesh Patel

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ue-Li Pen

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Academia Sinica

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Toronto

Dominic W. Pesce

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Vincent Pietu

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Richard Plambeck

University of California at Berkeley

Aleksandar PopStefanija

University of Massachusetts

Oliver Porth

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Felix M. Potzl

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

University College Cork

Ben Prather

University of Illinois

Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Hung-Yi Pu

National Taiwan Normal University

Academia Sinica

Ramprasad Rao

Academia Sinica

Mark G. Rawlings

NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab)

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Alexander W. Raymond

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Luciano Rezzolla

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies

Trinity College Dublin

Angelo Ricarte

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Freek Roelofs

Radboud Universiteit

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Alan Rogers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Eduardo Ros

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Cristina Romero-Canizales

Academia Sinica

Arash Roshanineshat

University of Arizona

Helge Rottmann

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Alan L. Roy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ignacio Ruiz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chet Ruszczyk

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kazi L. J. Rygl

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Salvador Sanchez

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

David Sanchez-Arguelles

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Miguel Sanchez-Portal

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Mahito Sasada

Hiroshima University

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Kaushik Satapathy

University of Arizona

Tuomas Savolainen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Aalto-Yliopisto

F. Peter Schloerb

University of Massachusetts

Karl-Friedrich Schuster

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Lijing Shao

Beijing University of Technology

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Zhiqiang Shen

East Asian Observatory

Chinese Academy of Sciences

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Des Small

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Bong Won Sohn

Yonsei University

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Jason SooHoo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kamal Souccar

University of Massachusetts

He Sun

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Fumie Tazaki

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Remo P. J. Tilanus

Universiteit Leiden

Radboud Universiteit

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)

University of Arizona

Michael Titus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Pablo Torne

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Efthalia Traianou

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Tyler Trent

University of Arizona

Sascha Trippe

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Seoul National University

East Asian Observatory

Ilse van Bemmel

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Huib Jan van Langevelde

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

University of New Mexico

Universiteit Leiden

Daniel R. van Rossum

Radboud Universiteit

Jesse Vos

Radboud Universiteit

Jan Wagner

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Derek Ward-Thompson

University of Central Lancashire

John Wardle

Brandeis University

Jonathan Weintroub

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Norbert Wex

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Robert Wharton

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kaj Wiik

Turun Yliopisto

Michael F. Wondrak

Radboud Universiteit

George N. Wong

University College London (UCL)

Universiteit Van Amsterdam

Qingwen Wu

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Paul Yamaguchi

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Doosoo Yoon

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Andre Young

Radboud Universiteit

Ken Young

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ziri Younsi

Princeton University

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Feng Yuan

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ye-Fei Yuan

University of Science and Technology of China

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

J. Anton Zensus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Shuo Zhang

Bard College

Guang-Yao Zhao

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Shan-Shan Zhao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Astrophysical Journal Letters

2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)

Vol. 930 2 L19

Ämneskategorier

Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi

Atom- och molekylfysik och optik

Annan fysik

DOI

10.3847/2041-8213/ac6428

Mer information

Senast uppdaterat

2023-09-15