The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87: I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis*
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2024

In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of 43.3-3.1+1.5 μas. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30 relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5× 109M. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.

Black hole physics

Galaxies: active

Galaxies: individual: M 87

Gravitation

Accretion, accretion disks

Galaxies: jets

Författare

Kazunori Akiyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Antxon Alberdi

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Walter Alef

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Juan-Carlos Algaba

University of Malaya

Richard Anantua

Harvard University

Richard Anantua

Academia Sinica

R. Azulay

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

U. Bach

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

A. K. Baczko

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

David Ball

University of Arizona

Mislav Baloković

Yale University

Bidisha Bandyopadhyay

Universidad de Concepción

John Barrett

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

M. Bauböck

University of Illinois

Bradford A. Benson

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Dan Bintley

East Asian Observatory

Lindy Blackburn

Harvard University

R. Blundell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

K. L. Bouman

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

G. C. Bower

Academia Sinica

Hope Boyce

McGill University

Michael Bremer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Roger Brissenden

Harvard University

Silke Britzen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Avery E. Broderick

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

D. Broguière

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Bronzwaer

Radboud Universiteit

Sandra Bustamente

University of Massachusetts

J. E. Carlstrom

University of Chicago

A. Chael

Princeton University

Do Young Byun

University of Arizona

Dominic O. Chang

Harvard University

Chiara Ceccobello

Harvard University

S. Chatterjee

Cornell University

Ming Tang Chen

Academia Sinica

Yongjun Chen

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

X. P. Cheng

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

I. Cho

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Pierre Christian

Fairfield University

Nicholas S. Conroy

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

John Conway

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

Thomas M. Crawford

University of Chicago

G. Crew

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Yuzhu Cui

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Rohan Dahale

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Jordy Davelaar

Radboud Universiteit

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

R. P. Deane

University of Witwatersrand

Rohan Dahale

East Asian Observatory

Gregory Desvignes

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jason Dexter

JILA

Vedant Dhruv

University of Illinois

Indu K. Dihingia

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

S. Doeleman

Harvard University

Sergio A. Dzib

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ralph P. Eatough

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Razieh Emami

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

H.D. Falcke

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Joseph R. Farah

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network

V. Fish

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

E. Fomalont

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

H.D. Falcke

University of Arizona

Marianna Foschi

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

R. Fraga-Encinas

Radboud Universiteit

William T. Freeman

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

E. Fomalont

East Asian Observatory

Christian M. Fromm

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Antonio Fuentes

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Peter Galison

Harvard University

Charles F. Gammie

University of Illinois

Roberto Garcia

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Olivier Gentaz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Boris Georgiev

University of Arizona

C. Goddi

Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP)

R. Gold

Syddansk Universitet

Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

José L. Gómez

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Minfeng Gu

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

M. Gurwell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

K. Hada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Daryl Haggard

McGill University

R. Hesper

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Dirk Heumann

University of Arizona

Luis C. Ho

Beijing University of Technology

P. T. P. Ho

Academia Sinica

Mareki Honma

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Chih Wei L. Huang

Academia Sinica

Lei Huang

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

David H. Hughes

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Shiro Ikeda

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

C.M. Violette Impellizzeri

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Makoto Inoue

Academia Sinica

S. Issaoun

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

David J. James

ASTRAVEO

Buell T. Jannuzi

University of Arizona

Lei Huang

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Britton Jeter

Academia Sinica

Wu Jiang

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales

Radboud Universiteit

Makoto Inoue

Harvard University

S.G. Jorstad

Boston University

Adam C. Jones

University of Chicago

Abhishek V. Joshi

University of Illinois

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

R. Karuppusamy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Tomohisa Kawashima

University of Tokyo

G. Keating

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

M. M. Kettenis

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Dong-Jin Kim

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Jae-Young Kim

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Junhan Kim

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

R. Karuppusamy

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jun Yi Koay

Academia Sinica

Prashant Kocherlakota

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Yutaro Kofuji

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

M. M. Kettenis

Academia Sinica

Shoko Koyama

Academia Sinica

Jae-Young Kim

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Joana A. Kramer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

M. Kramer

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

T.P. Krichbaum

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Greg Lindahl

Academia Sinica

Noemi La Bella

Radboud Universiteit

Sang Sung Lee

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Aviad Levis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Zhiyuan Li

Nanjing University

R. Lico

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Greg Lindahl

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael Lindqvist

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium

Mikhail Lisakov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jun Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Kuo Liu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Istituto di Radioastronomia

Wen-Ping Lo

Academia Sinica

A. P. Lobanov

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

L. Loinard

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Greg Lindahl

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Amy E. Lowitz

University of Arizona

R.S. Lu

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

N. R. Macdonald

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jirong Mao

Yunnan Observatories

Nicola Marchili

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

S. Markoff

Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy

D. P. Marrone

University of Arizona

A. Marscher

Boston University

Ivan Marti-Vidal

Universitat de Valencia

Amy E. Lowitz

Academia Sinica

Lynn D. Matthews

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Lia Medeiros

Princeton University

K. Menten

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Izumi Mizuno

East Asian Observatory

Yosuke Mizuno

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Joshua Montgomery

University of Chicago

James M. Moran

Harvard University

Kotaro Moriyama

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

M. Mościbrodzka

Radboud Universiteit

Wanga Mulaudzi

Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy

C. Müller

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Hendrik Müller

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

A. Mus

Universitat de Valencia

Gibwa Musoke

Radboud Universiteit

I. Myserlis

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

H. Nagai

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

N. M. Nagar

Universidad de Concepción

Lia Medeiros

Academia Sinica

Daniel Michalik

University of Massachusetts

Iniyan Natarajan

Harvard University

Antonios Nathanail

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Santiago Navarro Fuentes

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Joseph Neilsen

Villanova University

Chunchong Ni

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

M.A. Nowak

Washington University in St. Louis

Junghwan Oh

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Hiroki Okino

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Héctor Olivares

Radboud Universiteit

Tomoaki Oyama

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Feryal Özel

Georgia Institute of Technology

N. Patel

Harvard University

Georgios Filippos Paraschos

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Jongho Park

Kyung Hee University

Harriet Parsons

East Asian Observatory

N. Patel

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

U. L. Pen

Academia Sinica

Dominic W. Pesce

Harvard University

Vincent Piétu

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Aleksandar PopStefanija

University of Massachusetts

Oliver Porth

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Ben Prather

University of Illinois

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Georgia Institute of Technology

R. Rao

Academia Sinica

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

Universidad de Concepción

R. Rao

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

M.G. Rawlings

East Asian Observatory

Alexander W. Raymond

Harvard University

Luciano Rezzolla

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Angelo Ricarte

Harvard University

Bart Ripperda

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

F. Roelofs

Harvard University

C. Romero-Cañizales

Academia Sinica

Eduardo Ros

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Arash Roshanineshat

University of Arizona

H. Rottmann

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

A. Roy

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Ignacio Ruiz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

C. Ruszczyk

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kazi L.J. Rygl

Istituto di Radioastronomia

S. Sanchez

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

David Sánchez-Arguelles

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

M. Sánchez Portal

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Mahito Sasada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Kaushik Satapathy

University of Arizona

T. Savolainen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

F. P. Schloerb

University of Massachusetts

Jonathan Schonfeld

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

K. Schuster

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Lijing Shao

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Zhi Qiang Shen

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

Des Small

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Bong Won Sohn

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

J. SooHoo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

León David Sosapanta Salas

Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy

Kamal Souccar

University of Massachusetts

Joshua S. Stanway

University of Central Lancashire

He Sun

Beijing University of Technology

Fumie Tazaki

Tokyo Electron Technology Solutions Limited

Alexandra J. Tetarenko

University of Lethbridge

Paul Tiede

Harvard University

R. P. J. Tilanus

University of Arizona

M. Titus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kenji Toma

Tohoku University

Pablo Torne

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Teresa Toscano

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

E. Traianou

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Tyler Trent

University of Arizona

S. Trippe

Seoul National University

Matthew Turk

University of Illinois

I. van Bemmel

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

H. J. van Langevelde

Universiteit Leiden

Daniel R. van Rossum

Radboud Universiteit

Jesse Vos

Radboud Universiteit

Jan Wagner

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

D. Ward-Thompson

University of Central Lancashire

John Wardle

Brandeis University

Jasmin E. Washington

University of Arizona

J. Weintroub

Harvard University

Robert Wharton

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

M. Wielgus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

K. Wiik

Tuorla Observatory

Gunther Witzel

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Michael F. Wondrak

Radboud Universiteit

George N. Wong

Princeton University

Qingwen Wu

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Nitika Yadlapalli

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Paul Yamaguchi

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Aristomenis Yfantis

Radboud Universiteit

Doosoo Yoon

Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy

A. Young

Radboud Universiteit

Ziri Younsi

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main

Wei Yu

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Feng Yuan

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

Ye-Fei Yuan

University of Science and Technology of China

A.J. Zensus

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Shuo Zhang

Michigan State University

G. Y. Zhao

Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucía (IAA)

Shan-Shan Zhao

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory

Alexander Allardi

University of Vermont

Shu-Hao Chang

Academia Sinica

Chih-Cheng Chang

Academia Sinica

Song-Chu Chang

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology

Chung-Chen Chen

Academia Sinica

R. Chilson

Academia Sinica

Aaron Faber

Western University

David M. Gale

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Chih-Chiang Han

Academia Sinica

Kuo-Chang Han

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology

Yutaka Hasegawa

Osaka Metropolitan University

José Luis Hernández-Rebollar

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Yau-De Huang

Academia Sinica

Homin Jiang

Academia Sinica

Hao Jinchi

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology

Kimihiro Kimura

JAXA Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

Derek Kubo

Academia Sinica

Chao-Te Li

Academia Sinica

Lupin C.-C. Lin

Academia Sinica

Ching-Tang Liu

Academia Sinica

Kuan-Yu Liu

Academia Sinica

Li-Ming Lu

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology

Pierre L. Martin-Cocher

Academia Sinica

Z. Meyer-Zhao

Academia Sinica

Alfredo Montaña

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Anthony Moraghan

Academia Sinica

Marcos Emir Moreno-Nolasco

Coorporacion Mexicana de Investigacion en Materiales S.A. de C.V. Ciencia y Tecnologia 790

Hiroaki Nishioka

Academia Sinica

Timothy Norton

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

George Nystrom

Academia Sinica

Hideo Ogawa

Osaka Metropolitan University

Peter Oshiro

Academia Sinica

N. Pradel

Academia Sinica

G. Principe

Istituto di Radioastronomia

Philippe A. Raffin

Academia Sinica

Iván Rodríguez-Montoya

Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica

Paul Shaw

Academia Sinica

William Snow

Academia Sinica

Tirupati K. Sridharan

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ranjani Srinivasan

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ta-Shun Wei

Academia Sinica

Chen-Yu Yu

Academia Sinica

Astronomy and Astrophysics

0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)

Vol. 681 A79

Ämneskategorier

Fysik

Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap

DOI

10.1051/0004-6361/202347932

Mer information

Senast uppdaterat

2024-02-21