Particulate Emissions in a GDI with an Upstream Fuel Source
Journal article, 2019
Experiments were performed using a single-cylinder spark-ignited GDI engine equipped with a custom inlet manifold and a port fuel injector located 500 mm upstream. Particulate emissions were measured during stationary medium/high load operation to evaluate the effect of varying the mass split between the direct and upstream injectors. Mixing quality is improved substantially by upstream injection and can thus be controlled by altering the mass split between the injectors. Additional particulate measurements were performed using a thermodenuder and a catalyst to remove major part of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from raw emissions. This made it possible to determine particle numbers (PN) both raw emissions and solid particulates, and the size distribution of the solid particulate emissions.
Upstream fuel source was found to reduce PN emissions by almost a factor of 10 under optimal conditions, and significant reductions were achieved even when only 10% of the fuel mass was injected upstream. At a fixed load, as mass percentage from PFI increases, PN decreases. However, the PN reduction due to PFI is load-dependent and can be sensitive to engine speed. Solid PN decreased almost linearly with the PFI mass percentage, independently of engine speed. This implies that upstream injection improved mixing and thus reduced rich zone formation and/or wall-wetting compared to exclusive direct injection.
environmental regulations and standards
pressure
fuel injection
volatile particulate compounds
particualte filters
particulate matter (PM)
emissions
Author
Sreelekha Etikyala
Chalmers, Mechanics and Maritime Sciences (M2), Combustion and Propulsion Systems
Lucien Koopmans
Chalmers, Mechanics and Maritime Sciences (M2), Combustion and Propulsion Systems
Petter Dahlander
Chalmers, Mechanics and Maritime Sciences (M2), Combustion and Propulsion Systems
SAE Technical Papers
01487191 (ISSN) 26883627 (eISSN)
Vol. 2019-April AprilSubject Categories
Other Mechanical Engineering
Energy Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
Driving Forces
Sustainable development
Innovation and entrepreneurship
Areas of Advance
Transport
Energy
Roots
Basic sciences
DOI
10.4271/2019-01-1180