Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
Review article, 2021
In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
Astrophysical black holes
Active galactic nuclei
Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei
Radio cores
Accretion
High energy astrophysics
Author
Juan-Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Jadyn Anczarski
Villanova University
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Mislav Baloković
Yale University
S. Chandra
North-West University
Yuzhu Cui
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
A.D. Falcone
Pennsylvania State University
M. Giroletti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
C. Goddi
Radboud University
K. Hada
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
S.G. Jorstad
Boston University
A. Kaur
Pennsylvania State University
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
G. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jae-Young Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
M. Kino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
S. Komossa
Max Planck Society
E.V. Kravchenko
Istituto di Radioastronomia
T.P. Krichbaum
Max Planck Society
Sang Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
R.S. Lu
Max Planck Society
M. Lucchini
University of Amsterdam
S. Markoff
University of Amsterdam
Joseph Neilsen
Villanova University
M.A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
G. Principe
Istituto di Radioastronomia
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
University of Concepcion
M.T. Reynolds
University of Michigan
Mahito Sasada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
S.S. Savchenko
Saint Petersburg State University - Spsu
K.E. Williamson
Boston University
Kazunori Akiyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Antxon Alberdi
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max Planck Society
Richard Anantua
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
R. Azulay
Max Planck Society
A. K. Baczko
Max Planck Society
David Ball
University of Arizona
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
R. Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
W. Boland
Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA)
K. L. Bouman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
Hope Boyce
McGill University
M. Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
C. D. Brinkerink
Radboud University
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Silke Britzen
Max Planck Society
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
D. Broguière
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud University
Do Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
J. E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
A. Chael
Princeton University
Chi Kwan Chan
University of Arizona
S. Chatterjee
Cornell University
Koushik Chatterjee
University of Amsterdam
Ming Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Paul M. Chesler
Harvard University
I. Cho
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
John Conway
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
G. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Goethe University Frankfurt
Jordy Davelaar
Radboud University
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Goethe University Frankfurt
R. P. Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Jessica Dempsey
East Asian Observatory
Gregory Desvignes
Paris Observatory
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
S. Doeleman
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ralph P. Eatough
Max Planck Society
Heino Falcke
Radboud University
Joseph R. Farah
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
V. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
R. Fraga-Encinas
Radboud University
P. Friberg
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Antonio Fuentes
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
R. Gold
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
J. L. Gomez
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
M. Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Hesper
University of Groningen
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
P. Ho
Academia Sinica
M. Honma
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Chih Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
Shiro Ikeda
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
S. Issaoun
Radboud University
David J. James
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max Planck Society
Britton Jeter
University of Waterloo
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud University
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Taehyun Jung
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
R. Karuppusamy
Max Planck Society
M. M. Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max Planck Society
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
University of Arizona
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Yutaro Kofuji
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
M. Kramer
Max Planck Society
C. Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Yan Rong Li
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory
R. Lico
Max Planck Society
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Jun Liu
Max Planck Society
Kuo Liu
Max Planck Society
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto di Radioastronomia
Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max Planck Society
L. Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
N. R. Macdonald
Max Planck Society
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Max Planck Society
D. P. Marrone
University of Arizona
A. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
K. M. Menten
Max Planck Society
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
Yosuke Mizuno
Goethe University Frankfurt
James M. Moran
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
M. Mościbrodzka
Radboud University
C. Müller
Radboud University
Gibwa Musoke
Radboud University
Alejandro Mus Mejías
Universitat de Valencia
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
N. M. Nagar
University of Concepcion
Masanori Nakamura
Academia Sinica
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
Antonios Nathanail
Goethe University Frankfurt
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
A. Noutsos
Max Planck Society
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Héctor Olivares
Radboud University
G.N. Ortiz-León
Max Planck Society
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Feryal Özel
University of Arizona
Daniel C.M. Palumbo
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
U. L. Pen
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Vincent Piétu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard L. Plambeck
University of California
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
University of Amsterdam
Felix M. Pötzl
Max Planck Society
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-López
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Dimitrios Psaltis
University of Arizona
Hung-Yi Pu
Academia Sinica
R. Rao
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
M.G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Luciano Rezzolla
Goethe University Frankfurt
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Bart Ripperda
Flatiron Institute
Freek Roelofs
Radboud University
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max Planck Society
Mel Rose
University of Arizona
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
H. Rottmann
Max Planck Society
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Max Planck Society
C. Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L.J. Rygl
Istituto di Radioastronomia
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Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sánchez-Arguelles
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
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Max Planck Society
F. P. Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Max Planck Society
Zhi Qiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
J. SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
East Asian Observatory
Paul Tiede
University of Waterloo
R. P. J. Tilanus
Radboud University
M. Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kenji Toma
Tohoku University
Pablo Torne
Max Planck Society
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
E. Traianou
Max Planck Society
S. Trippe
Seoul National University
I. van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
H. J. van Langevelde
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud University
Jan Wagner
Max Planck Society
D. Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
J. Weintroub
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max Planck Society
Robert Wharton
Max Planck Society
M. Wielgus
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
George N. Wong
University of Illinois
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Doosoo Yoon
University of Amsterdam
A. Young
Radboud University
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
Goethe University Frankfurt
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
University of Science and Technology of China
A.J. Zensus
Max Planck Society
G. Y. Zhao
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
G. Principe
Istituto di Radioastronomia
M. Giroletti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
F. D'Ammando
Istituto di Radioastronomia
M. Orienti
Istituto di Radioastronomia
H. Abdalla
North-West University
R. M. Adam
École polytechnique
F. Aharonian
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
F. Ait Benkhali
Max Planck Society
E.O. Angüner
Aix Marseille University
C. Arcaro
North-West University
C. Armand
Grenoble Alpes University
T. Armstrong
University of Oxford
H. Ashkar
University Paris-Saclay
M. Backes
North-West University
V. Baghmanyan
Polish Academy of Sciences
V. Barbosa Martins
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
A. Barnacka
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
M. Barnard
North-West University
Y. Becherini
Linnaeus University
D. Berge
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Bernlöhr
Max Planck Society
B. Bi
University of Tübingen
M. Böttcher
North-West University
C. Boisson
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
J. Bolmont
Sorbonne University
M. De Bony De Lavergne
Grenoble Alpes University
M. Breuhaus
Max Planck Society
F. Brun
University Paris-Saclay
P. Brun
University Paris-Saclay
M. Bryan
University of Amsterdam
M. Büchele
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
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University of Warsaw
T. Bylund
Linnaeus University
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Sorbonne University
A. Carosi
Grenoble Alpes University
S. Casanova
Max Planck Society
T. Chand
North-West University
A. Chen
University of Witwatersrand
G. Cotter
University of Oxford
M. Curyło
University of Warsaw
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
I.D. Davids
University of Namibia
J. Davies
University of Oxford
Christoph Deil
Max Planck Society
J. Devin
University of Bordeaux
P. Dewilt
University of Adelaide
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University of Hamburg
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Paris Descartes University
A. Dmytriiev
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
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Max Planck Society
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University of Tübingen
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University Of Leicester
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Polish Academy of Sciences
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University of Potsdam
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University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
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University of Adelaide
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Sorbonne University
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Aix Marseille University
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University of Adelaide
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École polytechnique
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Grenoble Alpes University
G. Fichet De Clairfontaine
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
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École polytechnique
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University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Füßling
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Gabici
Paris Descartes University
Y.A. Gallant
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
G. Giavitto
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Giunti
University Paris-Saclay
D. Glawion
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
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University Paris-Saclay
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University of Tübingen
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University of Bordeaux
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Max Planck Society
M. Haupt
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
G. Hermann
Max Planck Society
J.A. Hinton
Max Planck Society
W. Hofmann
Max Planck Society
C. Hoischen
University of Potsdam
T.L. Holch
Humboldt University of Berlin
M. Holler
Medical University of Innsbruck
M. Hörbe
University of Oxford
D. Horns
University of Hamburg
D. Huber
Medical University of Innsbruck
M. Jamrozy
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
D. Jankowsky
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
F. Jankowsky
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
A. Jardin-Blicq
Max Planck Society
V. Joshi
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
I. Jung-Richardt
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
E. Kasai
University of Namibia
M.A. Kastendieck
University of Hamburg
K. Katarzyński
Nicolaus Copernicus University
U. Katz
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
D. Khangulyan
Rikkyo University
B. Khélifi
Paris Descartes University
S. Klepser
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
W. Kluźniak
Polish Academy of Sciences
Nu. Komin
University of Witwatersrand
R. Konno
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Kosack
University Paris-Saclay
D. Kostunin
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Kreter
North-West University
G. Lamanna
Grenoble Alpes University
A. Lemiere
Paris Descartes University
M. Lemoine-Goumard
University of Bordeaux
J.-P. Lenain
Sorbonne University
C. Levy
Sorbonne University
T. Lohse
Humboldt University of Berlin
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Mackey
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
D. Malyshev
University of Tübingen
D. Malyshev
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
V. Marandon
Max Planck Society
P. Marchegiani
University of Witwatersrand
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Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
A. Mares
University of Bordeaux
G. Martí-Devesa
Medical University of Innsbruck
R. Marx
Max Planck Society
G. Maurin
Grenoble Alpes University
P.J. Meintjes
University of the Free State
M. Meyer
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
R. Moderski
Polish Academy of Sciences
M. Mohamed
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
L. Mohrmann
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Montanari
University Paris-Saclay
C. Moore
University Of Leicester
P. Morris
University of Oxford
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University Paris-Saclay
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École polytechnique
T. Murach
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
K. Nakashima
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Nayerhoda
Polish Academy of Sciences
M. De Naurois
École polytechnique
H. Ndiyavala
North-West University
F. Niederwanger
Medical University of Innsbruck
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Polish Academy of Sciences
L. Oakes
Humboldt University of Berlin
P. O'Brien
University Of Leicester
H. Odaka
University of Tokyo
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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
L. Olivera-Nieto
Max Planck Society
E. De Ona Wilhelmi
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Ostrowski
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
M. Panter
Max Planck Society
S. Panny
Medical University of Innsbruck
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Humboldt University of Berlin
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Max Planck Society
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University Paris-Saclay
Q. Piel
Grenoble Alpes University
S. Pita
Paris Descartes University
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Grenoble Alpes University
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Jagiellonian University in Kraków
D.A. Prokhorov
University of Amsterdam
H. Prokoph
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
G. Pühlhofer
University of Tübingen
M. Punch
Linnaeus University
A. Quirrenbach
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
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Medical University of Innsbruck
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University Paris-Saclay
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Medical University of Innsbruck
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Medical University of Innsbruck
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Max Planck Society
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Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
F. Rieger
Max Planck Society
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University Paris-Saclay
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Max Planck Society
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University of Adelaide
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Polish Academy of Sciences
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Max Planck Society
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Yerevan Physics Institute
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Max Planck Society
D.A. Sanchez
Grenoble Alpes University
A. Santangelo
University of Tübingen
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University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
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University of Tübingen
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North-West University
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Humboldt University of Berlin
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Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
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University Paris-Saclay
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Linnaeus University
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North-West University
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University of Witwatersrand
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University of Namibia
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University of Amsterdam
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Paris Descartes University
H. Sol
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
A. Specovius
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
S. Spencer
University of Oxford
M. Spir-Jacob
Paris Descartes University
Ł. Stawarz
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
L. Sun
University of Amsterdam
R. Steenkamp
University of Namibia
C. Stegmann
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Steinmassl
Max Planck Society
C. Steppa
University of Potsdam
T. Takahashi
University of Tokyo
T. Tavernier
University Paris-Saclay
A.M. Taylor
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
R. Terrier
Paris Descartes University
D. Tiziani
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Tluczykont
University of Hamburg
L. Tomankova
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
C. Trichard
École polytechnique
M. Tsirou
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
R. Tuffs
Max Planck Society
Y. Uchiyama
Rikkyo University
D.J. Van Der Walt
North-West University
C. Van Eldik
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
C. Van Rensburg
North-West University
B. Van Soelen
University of the Free State
G. Vasileiadis
Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier
J. Veh
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
C. Venter
North-West University
P. Vincent
Sorbonne University
J. Vink
University of Amsterdam
H.J. Völk
Max Planck Society
T. Vuillaume
Grenoble Alpes University
Z. Wadiasingh
North-West University
S.J. Wagner
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
J. Watson
University of Oxford
F. Werner
Max Planck Society
R. White
Max Planck Society
A. Wierzcholska
Polish Academy of Sciences
Yu Wun Wong
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
A. Yusafzai
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
M. Zacharias
North-West University
R. Zanin
Max Planck Society
D. Zargaryan
Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
A.A. Zdziarski
Polish Academy of Sciences
A. Zech
LUTH - Laboratoire de l'Univers et de ses Theories
S.J. Zhu
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Zorn
Max Planck Society
S. Zouari
Paris Descartes University
N. Żywucka
North-West University
V.A. Acciari
University of La Laguna
S. Ansoldi
University of Udine
L.A. Antonelli
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Arbet Engels
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
M. Artero
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
K. Asano
University of Tokyo
D. Baack
Technische Universität Dortmund
A. Babić
University of Zagreb
A. Baquero
Complutense University
U. Barres De Almeida
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
J.A. Barrio
Complutense University
J. Becerra González
University of La Laguna
W. Bednarek
University of Lodz
L. Bellizzi
University of Siena
E. Bernardini
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Bernardos
University of Padua
A. Berti
University of Turin
J. Besenrieder
Max Planck Society
W. Bhattacharyya
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
C. Bigongiari
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Biland
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich (ETH)
O. Blanch
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
G. Bonnoli
University of Siena
Ž. Bošnjak
University of Zagreb
G. Busetto
University of Padua
R. Carosi
University of Pisa
G. Ceribella
Max Planck Society
M. Cerruti
University of Barcelona
Y. Chai
Max Planck Society
A. Chilingarian
Yerevan Physics Institute
S. Cikota
University of Zagreb
S.M. Colak
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
E. Colombo
University of La Laguna
J.L. Contreras
Complutense University
J. Cortina
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
S. Covino
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
G. D'Amico
Max Planck Society
V. D'Elia
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
P. Da Vela
University of Pisa
F. Dazzi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. De Angelis
University of Padua
B. De Lotto
University of Udine
M. Delfino
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
J. Delgado
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
C. Delgado Mendez
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
D. Depaoli
University of Turin
F. Di Pierro
University of Turin
L. Di Venere
Polytechnic University of Bari
E. Do Souto Espineira
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Dominis Prester
University of Rijeka
A. Donini
University of Udine
D. Dorner
University of Würzburg
M. Doro
University of Padua
D. Elsaesser
Technische Universität Dortmund
V. Fallah Ramazani
University of Turku
A. Fattorini
Technische Universität Dortmund
G. Ferrara
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M.V. Fonseca
Complutense University
L. Font
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
C. Fruck
Max Planck Society
S. Fukami
University of Tokyo
R. García López
University of La Laguna
M. Garczarczyk
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. Gasparyan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
M. Gaug
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
N. Giglietto
Polytechnic University of Bari
F. Giordano
Polytechnic University of Bari
P. Gliwny
University of Lodz
N. Godinović
University of Split
J.G. Green
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Green
Max Planck Society
D. Hadasch
University of Tokyo
A. Hahn
Max Planck Society
L. Heckmann
Max Planck Society
J. Herrera
University of La Laguna
J. Hoang
Complutense University
D. Hrupec
Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
M. Hütten
Max Planck Society
T. Inada
University of Tokyo
S. Inoue
RIKEN
K. Ishio
Max Planck Society
Y. Iwamura
University of Tokyo
I. Jiménez
Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (Ciemat)
J. Jormanainen
University of Turku
L. Jouvin
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
Y. Kajiwara
Kyoto University
M. Karjalainen
University of La Laguna
D. Kerszberg
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
Y. Kobayashi
University of Tokyo
H. Kubo
Kyoto University
J. Kushida
Tokai University
A. Lamastra
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Lelas
University of Split
F. Leone
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
E. Lindfors
University of Turku
S. Lombardi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
F. Longo
University of Udine
R. López-Coto
University of Padua
M. López-Moya
Complutense University
A. López-Oramas
University of La Laguna
S. Loporchio
Polytechnic University of Bari
B. Machado De Oliveira Fraga
Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas
C. Maggio
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
P. Majumdar
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
M. Makariev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
M. Mallamaci
University of Padua
G. Maneva
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
M. Manganaro
University of Rijeka
K. Mannheim
University of Würzburg
L. Maraschi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M. Mariotti
University of Padua
M. Martínez
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Mazin
University of Tokyo
S. Menchiari
University of Siena
S. Mender
Technische Universität Dortmund
S. Mićanović
University of Rijeka
D. Miceli
University of Udine
T. Miener
Complutense University
M. Minev
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
J.M. Miranda
University of Siena
R. Mirzoyan
Max Planck Society
E. Molina
University of Barcelona
A. Moralejo
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
D. Morcuende
Complutense University
V. Moreno
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
E. Moretti
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
V. Neustroev
University of Oulu
C. Nigro
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
K. Nilsson
University of Turku
K. Nishijima
Tokai University
K. Noda
University of Tokyo
S. Nozaki
Kyoto University
Y. Ohtani
University of Tokyo
T. Oka
Kyoto University
J. Otero-Santos
University of La Laguna
S. Paiano
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
M. Palatiello
University of Udine
D. Paneque
Max Planck Society
R. Paoletti
University of Siena
J.M. Paredes
University of Barcelona
L. Pavletić
University of Rijeka
P. Penil
Complutense University
C. Perennes
University of Padua
M. Persic
University of Udine
P. G. Prada Moroni
University of Pisa
E. Prandini
University of Padua
C. Priyadarshi
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
I. Puljak
University of Split
W. Rhode
Technische Universität Dortmund
M. Ribó
University of Barcelona
J. Rico
Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Bellaterra
C. Righi
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
A. Rugliancich
University of Pisa
L. Saha
Complutense University
N. Sahakyan
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia
T. Saito
University of Tokyo
S. Sakurai
University of Tokyo
K. Satalecka
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
F.G. Saturni
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
B. Schleicher
University of Würzburg
K. Schmidt
Technische Universität Dortmund
T. Schweizer
Max Planck Society
J. Sitarek
University of Lodz
I. Šnidarić
Ruder Boskovic Institute
D. Sobczynska
University of Lodz
A. Spolon
University of Padua
A. Stamerra
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
D. Strom
Max Planck Society
M. Strzys
University of Tokyo
Y. Suda
Max Planck Society
T. Surić
Ruder Boskovic Institute
M. Takahashi
University of Tokyo
F. Tavecchio
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
P. Temnikov
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
T. Terzić
University of Rijeka
M. Teshima
University of Tokyo
L. Tosti
National Institute for Nuclear Physics
S. Truzzi
University of Siena
A. Tutone
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
S. Ubach
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB)
J. Van Scherpenberg
Max Planck Society
G. Vanzo
University of La Laguna
M. Vazquez Acosta
University of La Laguna
S. Ventura
University of Siena
V. Verguilov
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
C.F. Vigorito
University of Turin
V. Vitale
University of Rome Tor Vergata
I. Vovk
University of Tokyo
M. Will
Max Planck Society
C. Wunderlich
University of Siena
D. Zarić
University of Split
C.B. Adams
Columbia University
W. Benbow
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
A. Brill
Columbia University
M. Capasso
Columbia University
J.L. Christiansen
California Polytechnic State University
A.J. Chromey
Iowa State University
M.K. Daniel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
M. Errando
Washington University in St. Louis
K.A. Farrell
University College Dublin
Q. Feng
Columbia University
J.P. Finley
Purdue University
L. Fortson
University of Minnesota
A. Furniss
The California State University
A. Gent
Georgia Institute of Technology
C. Giuri
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
T. Hassan
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
O. Hervet
University of California at Santa Cruz
J. Holder
University of Delaware
G. Hughes
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
T.B. Humensky
Columbia University
W. Jin
University of Alabama
P. Kaaret
University of Iowa
M. Kertzman
DePauw University
D. Kieda
University of Utah
S. Kumar
McGill University
M.J. Lang
National University of Ireland
M. Lundy
McGill University
G. Maier
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
P. Moriarty
National University of Ireland
R. Mukherjee
Columbia University
D. Nieto
Complutense University
M. Nievas-Rosillo
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
S. O'Brien
McGill University
R.A. Ong
University of California
A.N. Otte
Georgia Institute of Technology
S. Patel
University of Iowa
K. Pfrang
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
M. Pohl
University of Potsdam
R.R. Prado
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
E. Pueschel
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
J. Quinn
University College Dublin
K. Ragan
McGill University
P.T. Reynolds
Cork Institute Of Technology
D. Ribeiro
Columbia University
G.T. Richards
University of Delaware
E. Roache
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
C. Rulten
University of Minnesota
J.L. Ryan
University of California
M. Santander
University of Alabama
G.H. Sembroski
Purdue University
R. Shang
University of California
A. Weinstein
Iowa State University
D.A. Williams
University of California at Santa Cruz
T.J. Williamson
University of Delaware
Tomoya Hirota
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Lang Cui
University of Utah
Kotaro Niinuma
Yamaguchi University
Hyunwook Ro
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Nobuyuki Sakai
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Satoko Sawada-Satoh
Yamaguchi University
Kiyoaki Wajima
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Na Wang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiang Liu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yoshinori Yonekura
Ibaraki University
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 911 1 L11Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation
Subatomic Physics
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/abef71