First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass
Journal article, 2022

In this paper we quantify the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A*, as observed by the EHT in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. We find that the Sgr A* data exhibit variability that exceeds what can be explained by the uncertainties in the data or by the effects of interstellar scattering. The magnitude of this variability can be a substantial fraction of the correlated flux density, reaching similar to 100% on some baselines. Through an exploration of simple geometric source models, we demonstrate that ring-like morphologies provide better fits to the Sgr A* data than do other morphologies with comparable complexity. We develop two strategies for fitting static geometric ring models to the time-variable Sgr A* data; one strategy fits models to short segments of data over which the source is static and averages these independent fits, while the other fits models to the full data set using a parametric model for the structural variability power spectrum around the average source structure. Both geometric modeling and image-domain feature extraction techniques determine the ring diameter to be 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible intervals), with the ring thickness constrained to have an FWHM between similar to 30% and 50% of the ring diameter. To bring the diameter measurements to a common physical scale, we calibrate them using synthetic data generated from GRMHD simulations. This calibration constrains the angular size of the gravitational radius to be 4.8(-0.7)(+1.4) mu as, which we combine with an independent distance measurement from maser parallaxes to determine the mass of Sgr A* to be 4.0(-0.6)(+1.1) x 10(6) M-circle dot.

Author

Kazunori Akiyama

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Harvard University

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Antxon Alberdi

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Walter Alef

Max Planck Society

Juan Carlos Algaba

University of Malaya

Richard Anantua

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Texas at San Antonio

Keiichi Asada

Academia Sinica

Rebecca Azulay

Universitat de Valencia

Max Planck Society

Uwe Bach

Max Planck Society

Anne-Kathrin Baczko

Max Planck Society

David Ball

University of Arizona

Mislav Balokovic

Yale University

John Barrett

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Michi Baubock

University of Illinois

Bradford A. Benson

University of Chicago

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

Dan Bintley

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Lindy Blackburn

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Raymond Blundell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Katherine L. Bouman

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Geoffrey C. Bower

University of Hawaii

Academia Sinica

Hope Boyce

McGill University

Michael Bremer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Christiaan D. Brinkerink

Radboud University

Roger Brissenden

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Silke Britzen

Max Planck Society

Avery E. Broderick

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Dominique Broguiere

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Thomas Bronzwaer

Radboud University

Sandra Bustamante

University of Massachusetts

Do-Young Byun

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

John E. Carlstrom

University of Chicago

Chiara Ceccobello

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

Andrew Chael

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Princeton University

Chi-kwan Chan

University of Arizona

Koushik Chatterjee

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Shami Chatterjee

Cornell University

Ming-Tang Chen

Academia Sinica

Yongjun Chen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Xiaopeng Cheng

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Ilje Cho

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Pierre Christian

Fairfield University

Nicholas S. Conroy

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

University of Illinois

John Conway

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory

James M. Cordes

Cornell University

Thomas M. Crawford

University of Chicago

Geoffrey B. Crew

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Alejandro Cruz-Osorio

Goethe University Frankfurt

Yuzhu Cui

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Jordy Davelaar

Radboud University

Flatiron Institute

Columbia University

Mariafelicia De Laurentis

Goethe University Frankfurt

National Institute for Nuclear Physics

University of Naples Federico II

Roger Deane

University of Pretoria

University of Witwatersrand

Rhodes University

Jessica Dempsey

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Gregory Desvignes

Max Planck Society

Paris Descartes University

Jason Dexter

University of Colorado at Boulder

Vedant Dhruv

University of Illinois

Sheperd S. Doeleman

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Sean Dougal

University of Arizona

Sergio A. Dzib

Max Planck Society

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Ralph P. Eatough

Max Planck Society

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Razieh Emami

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Heino Falcke

Radboud University

Joseph Farah

Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network

University of California at Santa Barbara

Vincent L. Fish

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ed Fomalont

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

H. Alyson Ford

University of Arizona

Raquel Fraga-Encinas

Radboud University

William T. Freeman

Google Inc.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Per Friberg

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Christian M. Fromm

University of Würzburg

Max Planck Society

Goethe University Frankfurt

Antonio Fuentes

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Peter Galison

Harvard University

Charles F. Gammie

University of Illinois

Roberto Garcia

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Olivier Gentaz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Boris Georgiev

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Waterloo

Ciriaco Goddi

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

University of Cagliari

Roman Gold

Goethe University Frankfurt

University of Southern Denmark

Gomez-Ruiz

National Council for Science and Technology Mexico

National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

Jose L. Gomez

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Minfeng Gu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Mark Gurwell

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Kazuhiro Hada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

Daryl Haggard

McGill University

Kari Haworth

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael H. Hecht

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ronald Hesper

University of Groningen

Dirk Heumann

University of Arizona

Luis C. Ho

Beijing University of Technology

Paul Ho

Academia Sinica

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Mareki Honma

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

University of Tokyo

Chih-Wei L. Huang

Academia Sinica

Lei Huang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

David H. Hughes

National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

Shiro Ikeda

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

The Institute of Statistical Mathematics

University of Tokyo

C. M. Violette Impellizzeri

National Radio Astronomy Observatory

Leiden University

Makoto Inoue

Academia Sinica

Sara Issaoun

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

David J. James

ASTRAVEO

Buell T. Jannuzi

University of Arizona

Michael Janssen

Max Planck Society

Britton Jeter

Academia Sinica

Wu Jiang

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales

Radboud University

Michael D. Johnson

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Svetlana Jorstad

Boston University

Joshi

University of Illinois

Taehyun Jung

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Mansour Karami

University of Waterloo

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Ramesh Karuppusamy

Max Planck Society

Tomohisa Kawashima

University of Tokyo

Garrett K. Keating

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Mark Kettenis

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Dong-Jin Kim

Max Planck Society

Jae-Young Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Kyungpook National University

Max Planck Society

Jongsoo Kim

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Junhan Kim

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

University of Arizona

Motoki Kino

Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Jun Yi Koay

Academia Sinica

Prashant Kocherlakota

Goethe University Frankfurt

Yutaro Kofuji

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Tokyo

Patrick M. Koch

Academia Sinica

Shoko Koyama

Niigata University

Academia Sinica

Carsten Kramer

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Michael Kramer

Max Planck Society

Thomas P. Krichbaum

Max Planck Society

Cheng-Yu Kuo

National Sun Yat-Sen University

Academia Sinica

Noemi La Bella

Radboud University

Tod R. Lauer

National Optical Astronomy Observatory

Daeyoung Lee

University of Illinois

Sang-Sung Lee

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Po Kin Leung

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Aviad Levis

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Zhiyuan Li

Nanjing University

Rocco Lico

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Greg Lindahl

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Michael Lindqvist

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory

Mikhail Lisakov

Max Planck Society

Jun Liu

Max Planck Society

Kuo Liu

Max Planck Society

Elisabetta Liuzzo

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Wen-Ping Lo

Academia Sinica

National Taiwan University

Andrei P. Lobanov

Max Planck Society

Laurent Loinard

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Colin J. Lonsdale

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Ru-Sen Lu

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Max Planck Society

Jirong Mao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nicola Marchili

Max Planck Society

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Sera Markoff

University of Amsterdam

Daniel P. Marrone

University of Arizona

Alan P. Marscher

Boston University

Ivan Marti-Vidal

Universitat de Valencia

Satoki Matsushita

Academia Sinica

Lynn D. Matthews

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Lia Medeiros

Institute for Advanced Study

University of Arizona

Karl M. Menten

Max Planck Society

Daniel Michalik

University of Chicago

European Space Agency (ESA)

Izumi Mizuno

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Yosuke Mizuno

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Goethe University Frankfurt

James M. Moran

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Kotaro Moriyama

Goethe University Frankfurt

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Monika Moscibrodzka

Radboud University

Cornelia Muller

Radboud University

Max Planck Society

Alejandro Mus

Universitat de Valencia

Gibwa Musoke

University of Amsterdam

Radboud University

Ioannis Myserlis

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Andrew Nadolski

University of Illinois

Hiroshi Nagai

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Neil M. Nagar

University of Concepcion

Masanori Nakamura

National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College

Academia Sinica

Ramesh Narayan

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Gopal Narayanan

University of Massachusetts

Iniyan Natarajan

University of Witwatersrand

South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)

Antonios Nathanail

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Goethe University Frankfurt

Santiago Navarro Fuentes

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Joseph Neilsen

Villanova University

Roberto Neri

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chunchong Ni

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Waterloo

Aristeidis Noutsos

Max Planck Society

Michael A. Nowak

Washington University in St. Louis

Junghwan Oh

Sejong University

Hiroki Okino

University of Tokyo

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Hector Olivares

Radboud University

Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Max Planck Society

Tomoaki Oyama

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Daniel C. M. Palumbo

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Georgios Filippos Paraschos

Max Planck Society

Jongho Park

Academia Sinica

Harriet Parsons

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

Nimesh Patel

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ue-Li Pen

Academia Sinica

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

University of Toronto

Canadian Institute for Advanced Research

Dominic W. Pesce

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Vincent Pietu

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Richard Plambeck

University of California at Berkeley

Aleksandar PopStefanija

University of Massachusetts

Oliver Porth

Goethe University Frankfurt

University of Amsterdam

Felix M. Potzl

University College Cork

Max Planck Society

Ben Prather

University of Illinois

Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez

Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics

Hung-Yi Pu

National Taiwan Normal University

Academia Sinica

Venkatessh Ramakrishnan

University of Turku

Aalto University

University of Concepcion

Ramprasad Rao

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Mark G. Rawlings

Gemini Observatory North

East Asian Observatory

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Alexander W. Raymond

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Luciano Rezzolla

Trinity College Dublin

Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies

Goethe University Frankfurt

Angelo Ricarte

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Bart Ripperda

Flatiron Institute

Princeton University

Freek Roelofs

Radboud University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Alan Rogers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Eduardo Ros

Max Planck Society

Cristina Romero-Canizales

Academia Sinica

Arash Roshanineshat

University of Arizona

Helge Rottmann

Max Planck Society

Alan L. Roy

Max Planck Society

Ignacio Ruiz

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Chet Ruszczyk

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kazi L. J. Rygl

Italian ALMA Regional Centre

Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)

Salvador Sanchez

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

David Sanchez-Arguelles

National Council for Science and Technology Mexico

National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics

Miguel Sanchez-Portal

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Mahito Sasada

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Hiroshima University

Kaushik Satapathy

University of Arizona

Tuomas Savolainen

Max Planck Society

Aalto University

F. Peter Schloerb

University of Massachusetts

Jonathan Schonfeld

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Karl-Friedrich Schuster

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Lijing Shao

Max Planck Society

Beijing University of Technology

Zhiqiang Shen

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Des Small

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Bong Won Sohn

East Asian Observatory

Yonsei University

University of Science and Technology (UST)

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

Jason SooHoo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Kamal Souccar

University of Massachusetts

He Sun

California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Fumie Tazaki

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Alexandra J. Tetarenko

Texas Tech University at Lubbock

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Paul Tiede

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Remo P. J. Tilanus

University of Arizona

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)

Leiden University

Radboud University

Michael Titus

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Pablo Torne

Max Planck Society

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)

Efthalia Traianou

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Max Planck Society

Tyler Trent

University of Arizona

Sascha Trippe

Seoul National University

Matthew Turk

University of Illinois

Ilse van Bemmel

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Huib Jan van Langevelde

University of New Mexico

Leiden University

Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)

Daniel R. van Rossum

Radboud University

Jesse Vos

Radboud University

Jan Wagner

Max Planck Society

Derek Ward-Thompson

University of Central Lancashire

John Wardle

Brandeis University

Jonathan Weintroub

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Harvard University

Norbert Wex

Max Planck Society

Robert Wharton

Max Planck Society

Maciek Wielgus

Max Planck Society

Kaj Wiik

University of Turku

Gunther Witzel

Max Planck Society

Michael F. Wondrak

Radboud University

George N. Wong

Institute for Advanced Study

Princeton University

Qingwen Wu

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Paul Yamaguchi

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Doosoo Yoon

University of Amsterdam

Andre Young

Radboud University

Ken Young

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Ziri Younsi

Goethe University Frankfurt

University College London (UCL)

Feng Yuan

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Ye-Fei Yuan

University of Science and Technology of China

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

East Asian Observatory

J. Anton Zensus

Max Planck Society

Shuo Zhang

Bard College

Guang-Yao Zhao

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Shan-Shan Zhao

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Dominic O. Chang

Harvard University

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Astrophysical Journal Letters

2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)

Vol. 930 2 L15

Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology

Geophysics

Probability Theory and Statistics

DOI

10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736

More information

Latest update

4/23/2025