First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
In this paper we quantify the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A*, as observed by the EHT in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. We find that the Sgr A* data exhibit variability that exceeds what can be explained by the uncertainties in the data or by the effects of interstellar scattering. The magnitude of this variability can be a substantial fraction of the correlated flux density, reaching similar to 100% on some baselines. Through an exploration of simple geometric source models, we demonstrate that ring-like morphologies provide better fits to the Sgr A* data than do other morphologies with comparable complexity. We develop two strategies for fitting static geometric ring models to the time-variable Sgr A* data; one strategy fits models to short segments of data over which the source is static and averages these independent fits, while the other fits models to the full data set using a parametric model for the structural variability power spectrum around the average source structure. Both geometric modeling and image-domain feature extraction techniques determine the ring diameter to be 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible intervals), with the ring thickness constrained to have an FWHM between similar to 30% and 50% of the ring diameter. To bring the diameter measurements to a common physical scale, we calibrate them using synthetic data generated from GRMHD simulations. This calibration constrains the angular size of the gravitational radius to be 4.8(-0.7)(+1.4) mu as, which we combine with an independent distance measurement from maser parallaxes to determine the mass of Sgr A* to be 4.0(-0.6)(+1.1) x 10(6) M-circle dot.
Författare
Kazunori Akiyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Harvard University
Antxon Alberdi
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Walter Alef
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Juan Carlos Algaba
University of Malaya
Richard Anantua
Harvard University
University of Texas at San Antonio
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Keiichi Asada
Academia Sinica
Rebecca Azulay
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Universitat de Valencia
Uwe Bach
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Anne-Kathrin Baczko
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
David Ball
University of Arizona
Mislav Balokovic
Yale University
John Barrett
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Michi Baubock
University of Illinois
Bradford A. Benson
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
University of Chicago
Dan Bintley
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Lindy Blackburn
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Raymond Blundell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Katherine L. Bouman
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Geoffrey C. Bower
Academia Sinica
University of Hawaii
Hope Boyce
McGill University
Michael Bremer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Christiaan D. Brinkerink
Radboud Universiteit
Roger Brissenden
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Silke Britzen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Avery E. Broderick
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
University of Waterloo
Dominique Broguiere
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Thomas Bronzwaer
Radboud Universiteit
Sandra Bustamante
University of Massachusetts
Do-Young Byun
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
John E. Carlstrom
University of Chicago
Chiara Ceccobello
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
Andrew Chael
Princeton University
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Chi-kwan Chan
University of Arizona
Koushik Chatterjee
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Shami Chatterjee
Cornell University
Ming-Tang Chen
Academia Sinica
Yongjun Chen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiaopeng Cheng
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Ilje Cho
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Pierre Christian
Fairfield University
Nicholas S. Conroy
University of Illinois
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
John Conway
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
James M. Cordes
Cornell University
Thomas M. Crawford
University of Chicago
Geoffrey B. Crew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Alejandro Cruz-Osorio
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yuzhu Cui
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jordy Davelaar
Columbia University
Flatiron Institute
Radboud Universiteit
Mariafelicia De Laurentis
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Roger Deane
University of Witwatersrand
Rhodes University
Universiteit van Pretoria
Jessica Dempsey
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)
Gregory Desvignes
Université Paris Descartes
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jason Dexter
University of Colorado at Boulder
Vedant Dhruv
University of Illinois
Sheperd S. Doeleman
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Sean Dougal
University of Arizona
Sergio A. Dzib
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ralph P. Eatough
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Razieh Emami
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Heino Falcke
Radboud Universiteit
Joseph Farah
Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network
University of California
Vincent L. Fish
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ed Fomalont
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
H. Alyson Ford
University of Arizona
Raquel Fraga-Encinas
Radboud Universiteit
William T. Freeman
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Google Inc.
Per Friberg
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Christian M. Fromm
Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Antonio Fuentes
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Peter Galison
Harvard University
Charles F. Gammie
University of Illinois
Roberto Garcia
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Olivier Gentaz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Boris Georgiev
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ciriaco Goddi
Universita degli Studi di Cagliari
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Roman Gold
Syddansk Universitet
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Gomez-Ruiz
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Jose L. Gomez
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Minfeng Gu
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Mark Gurwell
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kazuhiro Hada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Daryl Haggard
McGill University
Kari Haworth
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael H. Hecht
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ronald Hesper
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Dirk Heumann
University of Arizona
Luis C. Ho
Beijing University of Technology
Paul Ho
Academia Sinica
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Mareki Honma
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
Chih-Wei L. Huang
Academia Sinica
Lei Huang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
David H. Hughes
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Shiro Ikeda
University of Tokyo
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
C. M. Violette Impellizzeri
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Universiteit Leiden
Makoto Inoue
Academia Sinica
Sara Issaoun
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
David J. James
ASTRAVEO
Buell T. Jannuzi
University of Arizona
Michael Janssen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Britton Jeter
Academia Sinica
Wu Jiang
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Alejandra Jimenez-Rosales
Radboud Universiteit
Michael D. Johnson
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Svetlana Jorstad
Boston University
Joshi
University of Illinois
Taehyun Jung
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Mansour Karami
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ramesh Karuppusamy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomohisa Kawashima
University of Tokyo
Garrett K. Keating
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark Kettenis
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Dong-Jin Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jae-Young Kim
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kyungpook National University
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Jongsoo Kim
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Junhan Kim
University of Arizona
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Motoki Kino
Kogakuin University of Technology and Engineering
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Jun Yi Koay
Academia Sinica
Prashant Kocherlakota
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Yutaro Kofuji
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Patrick M. Koch
Academia Sinica
Shoko Koyama
Academia Sinica
Niigata University
Carsten Kramer
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Michael Kramer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Thomas P. Krichbaum
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cheng-Yu Kuo
Academia Sinica
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Noemi La Bella
Radboud Universiteit
Tod R. Lauer
National Optical Astronomy Observatory
Daeyoung Lee
University of Illinois
Sang-Sung Lee
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Po Kin Leung
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Aviad Levis
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Zhiyuan Li
Nanjing University
Rocco Lico
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Greg Lindahl
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Michael Lindqvist
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Onsala rymdobservatorium
Mikhail Lisakov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jun Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kuo Liu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Elisabetta Liuzzo
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Wen-Ping Lo
Academia Sinica
National Taiwan University
Andrei P. Lobanov
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Laurent Loinard
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Colin J. Lonsdale
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Ru-Sen Lu
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Jirong Mao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nicola Marchili
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Sera Markoff
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Daniel P. Marrone
University of Arizona
Alan P. Marscher
Boston University
Ivan Marti-Vidal
Universitat de Valencia
Satoki Matsushita
Academia Sinica
Lynn D. Matthews
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lia Medeiros
University of Arizona
Institute for Advanced Study
Karl M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Daniel Michalik
University of Chicago
Europeiska rymdorganisationen (ESA)
Izumi Mizuno
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Yosuke Mizuno
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
James M. Moran
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Kotaro Moriyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Monika Moscibrodzka
Radboud Universiteit
Cornelia Muller
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Radboud Universiteit
Alejandro Mus
Universitat de Valencia
Gibwa Musoke
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Radboud Universiteit
Ioannis Myserlis
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Andrew Nadolski
University of Illinois
Hiroshi Nagai
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Neil M. Nagar
Universidad de Concepción
Masanori Nakamura
Academia Sinica
National Institute of Technology (KOSEN)
Ramesh Narayan
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Gopal Narayanan
University of Massachusetts
Iniyan Natarajan
University of Witwatersrand
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO)
Antonios Nathanail
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Santiago Navarro Fuentes
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Joseph Neilsen
Villanova University
Roberto Neri
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chunchong Ni
University of Waterloo
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Aristeidis Noutsos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael A. Nowak
Washington University in St. Louis
Junghwan Oh
Sejong University
Hiroki Okino
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
Hector Olivares
Radboud Universiteit
Gisela N. Ortiz-Leon
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tomoaki Oyama
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Daniel C. M. Palumbo
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Georgios Filippos Paraschos
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Jongho Park
Academia Sinica
Harriet Parsons
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Nimesh Patel
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ue-Li Pen
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
University of Toronto
Academia Sinica
Dominic W. Pesce
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Vincent Pietu
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Richard Plambeck
University of California
Aleksandar PopStefanija
University of Massachusetts
Oliver Porth
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Felix M. Potzl
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
University College Cork
Ben Prather
University of Illinois
Jorge A. Preciado-Lopez
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Hung-Yi Pu
National Taiwan Normal University
Academia Sinica
Venkatessh Ramakrishnan
Turun Yliopisto
Aalto-Yliopisto
Universidad de Concepción
Ramprasad Rao
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Mark G. Rawlings
East Asian Observatory
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Gemini Observatory North
Alexander W. Raymond
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Luciano Rezzolla
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Trinity College Dublin
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies
Angelo Ricarte
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Bart Ripperda
Flatiron Institute
Princeton University
Freek Roelofs
Harvard University
Radboud Universiteit
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Alan Rogers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Eduardo Ros
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Cristina Romero-Canizales
Academia Sinica
Arash Roshanineshat
University of Arizona
Helge Rottmann
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Alan L. Roy
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Ignacio Ruiz
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Chet Ruszczyk
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kazi L. J. Rygl
Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
Italian ALMA Regional Centre
Salvador Sanchez
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
David Sanchez-Arguelles
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrońica
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia Mexico
Miguel Sanchez-Portal
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Mahito Sasada
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Hiroshima University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Kaushik Satapathy
University of Arizona
Tuomas Savolainen
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Aalto-Yliopisto
F. Peter Schloerb
University of Massachusetts
Jonathan Schonfeld
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Karl-Friedrich Schuster
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Lijing Shao
Beijing University of Technology
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Zhiqiang Shen
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Des Small
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Bong Won Sohn
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
East Asian Observatory
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Yonsei University
Jason SooHoo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Kamal Souccar
University of Massachusetts
He Sun
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Fumie Tazaki
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Alexandra J. Tetarenko
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Texas Tech University at Lubbock
Paul Tiede
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Remo P. J. Tilanus
University of Arizona
Radboud Universiteit
Universiteit Leiden
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
Michael Titus
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Pablo Torne
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Efthalia Traianou
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Tyler Trent
University of Arizona
Sascha Trippe
Seoul National University
Matthew Turk
University of Illinois
Ilse van Bemmel
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Huib Jan van Langevelde
University of New Mexico
Universiteit Leiden
Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)
Daniel R. van Rossum
Radboud Universiteit
Jesse Vos
Radboud Universiteit
Jan Wagner
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Derek Ward-Thompson
University of Central Lancashire
John Wardle
Brandeis University
Jonathan Weintroub
Harvard University
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Norbert Wex
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Robert Wharton
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Maciek Wielgus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Kaj Wiik
Turun Yliopisto
Gunther Witzel
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Michael F. Wondrak
Radboud Universiteit
George N. Wong
Institute for Advanced Study
Princeton University
Qingwen Wu
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Paul Yamaguchi
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Doosoo Yoon
Universiteit Van Amsterdam
Andre Young
Radboud Universiteit
Ken Young
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Ziri Younsi
University College London (UCL)
Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main
Feng Yuan
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ye-Fei Yuan
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
University of Science and Technology of China
East Asian Observatory
J. Anton Zensus
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Shuo Zhang
Bard College
Guang-Yao Zhao
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Shan-Shan Zhao
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Dominic O. Chang
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Harvard University
Astrophysical Journal Letters
2041-8205 (ISSN) 2041-8213 (eISSN)
Vol. 930 2 L15Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Geofysik
Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
DOI
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736