CONCERTO: High-fidelity simulation of millimeter line emissions of galaxies and [CII] intensity mapping
Journal article, 2022
The intensity mapping of the [CII] 158-μm line redshifted to the submillimeter window is a promising probe of the za>4 star formation and its spatial distribution into large-scale structures. To prepare the first-generation experiments (e.g., CONCERTO), we need realistic simulations of the submillimeter extragalactic sky in spectroscopy. We present a new version of the simulated infrared dusty extragalactic sky (SIDES) model including the main submillimeter lines around 1 mm (CO, [CII], [CI]). This approach successfully reproduces the observed line luminosity functions. We then use our simulation to generate CONCERTO-like cubes (125-305 GHz) and forecast the power spectra of the fluctuations caused by the various astrophysical components at those frequencies. Depending on our assumptions on the relation between the star formation rate and [CII] luminosity, and the star formation history, our predictions of the za∼6 [CII] power spectrum vary by two orders of magnitude. This highlights how uncertain the predictions are and how important future measurements will be to improve our understanding of this early epoch. SIDES can reproduce the CO shot noise recently measured at a4;100 GHz by the millimeter-wavelength intensity mapping experiment (mmIME). Finally, we compare the contribution of the different astrophysical components at various redshifts to the power spectra. The continuum is by far the brightest, by a factor of three to 100, depending on the frequency. At 300 GHz, the CO foreground power spectrum is higher than the [CII] one for our base scenario. At lower frequencies, the contrast between [CII] and extragalactic foregrounds is even worse. Masking the known galaxies from deep surveys should allow us to reduce the foregrounds to 20% of the [CII] power spectrum up to z∼ 6.5. However, this masking method will not be sufficient at higher redshifts. The code and the products of our simulation are released publicly, and can be used for both intensity mapping experiments and submillimeter continuum and line surveys.
Galaxies: high-redshift
Galaxies: ISM
Cosmic background radiation
Large-scale structure of Universe
Galaxies: star formation
Author
Matthieu Béthermin
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg
A. Gkogkou
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
M. Van Cuyck
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Guilaine Lagache
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
A. Beelen
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Manuel Aravena
Diego Portales University
A. Benoît
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Grenoble Alpes University
J. Bounmy
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Grenoble Alpes University
M. Calvo
Grenoble Alpes University
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
A. Catalano
Grenoble Alpes University
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
B. De Batz De Trenquelleon
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
C. De Breuck
European Southern Observatory (ESO)
A. Fasano
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Andrea Ferrara
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
J. Goupy
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Grenoble Alpes University
C. Hoarau
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Grenoble Alpes University
Cathy Horellou
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
W. Hu
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
A. Julia
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
Kirsten Knudsen
Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics
J. C. Lambert
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
J. F. Maciás-Pérez
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Grenoble Alpes University
J. Marpaud
Grenoble Alpes University
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
A. Monfardini
Grenoble Alpes University
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Andrea Pallottini
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
N. Ponthieu
Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG)
Groupement d’Intérêt Scientifique French Center
Y. Roehlly
Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille
L. Vallini
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
F. Walter
Max Planck Society
A. Weiß
Max Planck Society
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 667 A156Subject Categories (SSIF 2011)
Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Other Physics Topics
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202243888