Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO
Journal article, 2024
Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98(p,y) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q-profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.
ELM free scenarios
radiative exhaust
MHD stability
disruption physics
transport modelling
tokamak
Author
H. Zohm
Max Planck Society
E. Alessi
Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
C. Angioni
Max Planck Society
N. Arden
Max Planck Society
V. Artigues
Max Planck Society
M. Astrain
Max Planck Society
O. Asunta
Aalto University
M. Balden
Max Planck Society
V. Bandaru
Max Planck Society
A. Banon-Navarro
Max Planck Society
M. Bauer
Max Planck Society
A. Bergmann
Max Planck Society
M. Bergmann
Max Planck Society
J. Bernardo
Instituto Superior Tecnico
M. Bernert
Max Planck Society
A. Biancalani
Leonardo de Vinci University Center
R. Bielajew
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
R. Bilato
Max Planck Society
G. Birkenmeier
Max Planck Society
T.C. Blanken
Eindhoven University of Technology
V. Bobkov
Max Planck Society
A. Bock
Max Planck Society
L. Bock
Max Planck Society
T. Body
Max Planck Society
T. Bolzonella
Consorzio Rfx
N. Bonanomi
Max Planck Society
A. Bortolon
Princeton University
B. Böswirth
Max Planck Society
C. Bottereau
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Bottino
Max Planck Society
H. Van Den Brand
Eindhoven University of Technology
M. Brenzke
Forschungszentrum Jülich
S. Brezinsek
Forschungszentrum Jülich
Daniele Brida
Max Planck Society
F. Brochard
Institut Jean Lamour
J. Buchanan
Culham Science Centre
A. Buhler
Max Planck Society
A. Burckhart
Max Planck Society
Y. Camenen
Aix Marseille University
B. Cannas
University of Cagliari
P. Cano Megías
Max Planck Society
D. Carlton
Max Planck Society
M. Carr
Culham Science Centre
P. Carvalho
Instituto Superior Tecnico
C. Castaldo
ENEA
A. Castillo Castillo
Max Planck Society
A. Cathey
Max Planck Society
M. Cavedon
University of Milano-Bicocca
C. Cazzaniga
Consorzio Rfx
C. Challis
Culham Science Centre
A. V. Chankin
Max Planck Society
A. Chomiczewska
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
C. Cianfarani
ENEA
F. Clairet
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Coda
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Coelho
Instituto Superior Tecnico
J.W. Coenen
Forschungszentrum Jülich
L. Colas
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G.D. Conway
Max Planck Society
S. Costea
University of Innsbruck
D. Coster
Max Planck Society
T.B. Cote
University of Wisconsin Madison
A. Creely
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
G. Croci
Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
D.J. Cruz Zabala
University of Seville
G. Cseh
Centre for Energy Research
I. Cziegler
University of York
O. D’Arcangelo
ENEA Consorzio CREATE
A. Dal Molin
University of Milano-Bicocca
P. David
Max Planck Society
C. Day
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
M. De Baar
Eindhoven University of Technology
P. De Marné
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P. Denner
Forschungszentrum Jülich
A. Di Siena
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M. Dibon
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J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán
University of Seville
Dániel Dunai
Centre for Energy Research
M. Dreval
National Science Center
M. Dunne
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B. Duval
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Dux
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T. Eich
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S. Elgeti
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A. Encheva
ITER Organization
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E. Fable
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M. Faitsch
Max Planck Society
D. Fajardo Jimenez
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U. Fantz
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M. Farnik
Czech Academy of Sciences
H. Faugel
Max Planck Society
F Felici
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
O. Ficker
Czech Academy of Sciences
A. Figueredo
Instituto Superior Tecnico
R. Fischer
Max Planck Society
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Max Planck Society
L. Frassinetti
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
M. Fröschle
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G. Fuchert
Max Planck Society
J.C. Fuchs
Max Planck Society
H. Fünfgelder
Max Planck Society
S. Futatani
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
K. Galazka
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
J. Galdon-Quiroga
University of Seville
D. Gallart Escolà
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
A. Gallo
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Y. Gao
Forschungszentrum Jülich
S. Garavaglia
Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
M. Garcia-Munoz
University of Seville
B. Geiger
University of Wisconsin Madison
L. Giannone
Max Planck Society
S. Gibson
Durham University
L. Gil
Instituto Superior Tecnico
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ENEA
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Max Planck Society
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J. Gonzalez
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University of Seville
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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University of Milano-Bicocca
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D. Gradic
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G. Granucci
Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Aalto University
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Instituto Superior Tecnico
S. Günter
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Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
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Vienna University of Technology
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
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Institut Jean Lamour
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Technische Universität Graz
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Russian Academy of Sciences
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Chalmers, Physics, Subatomic, High Energy and Plasma Physics
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University of Innsbruck
I. Ivanova-Stanik
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ITER Organization
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University of Seville
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
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Technische Universität Graz
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Ghent university
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M. Kong
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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I. Krebs
Eindhoven University of Technology
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Taina Kurki-Suonio
Aalto University
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Princeton University
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Vienna University of Technology
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M Lehnen
ITER Organization
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University of York
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University of California
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Royal Military Academy
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Princeton University
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Eindhoven University of Technology
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Royal Military Academy
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
P. Manz
University of Greifswald
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Max Planck Society
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Polytechnic University of Turin
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Vienna University of Technology
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F. Matos
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Max Planck Society
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University College Cork
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
H.F. Meyer
Culham Science Centre
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D. Milanesio
Polytechnic University of Turin
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Instituto Superior Tecnico
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Princeton University
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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University of Milano-Bicocca
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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University of Seville
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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General Atomics
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University of Rome
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Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
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University of Stuttgart
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Centre for Energy Research
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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Vienna University of Technology
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University of Stuttgart
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
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Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
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Tuscia University
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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University of Seville
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Eindhoven University of Technology
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Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
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Culham Science Centre
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Culham Science Centre
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Aalto University
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University of Seville
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Instituto Superior Tecnico
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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Eindhoven University of Technology
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University of Wisconsin Madison
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University of Innsbruck
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Ghent university
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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Culham Science Centre
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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Russian Academy of Sciences
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University of Cagliari
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Aalto University
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Istituto Di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Milan
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Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
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Royal Military Academy
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Culham Science Centre
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
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General Atomics
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Instituto Superior Tecnico
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Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
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Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
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Ghent university
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Instituto Superior Tecnico
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University of Seville
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
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Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Centre for Energy Research
Nuclear Fusion
00295515 (ISSN) 17414326 (eISSN)
Vol. 64 11 112001Subject Categories
Other Physics Topics
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
DOI
10.1088/1741-4326/ad249d