Optimal time recommendation model for home appliances: HSB living lab + dishwasher study

Journal article, 2025

This study investigates the effectiveness of an Optimal Time Recommendation model (OTR) in encouraging citizens to shift the usage of their home appliances, such as dishwasher to off-peak hours. The research was conducted at the HSB Living Lab + in Gothenburg city, involving 74 participants from diverse social groups, including students, one-person households, couples, and families with kids. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and data from self-reporting QR-code or iPad-based web-interface. Participants were provided with personalised recommendations generated by the OTR model, which considered factors such as energy demand, grid load, electricity pricing and level of CO2. The recommendations aimed to assist users in identifying the optimal time slots for operating their home appliances during off-peak, motivated by the lower price, lower CO2 emission or both. Results indicated a positive response from participants across all social groups. Most participants reported an increased awareness of their energy consumption patterns and a willingness to adopt delay shifting practices. However, some frictions and obstacles to adopt shifting time of the behaviour were highlighted as well. The findings from this case study contribute to the existing knowledge on flexibility and Demand-Side Management (DSM). These findings can inform home appliances producers to increase the delay start function usability, policymakers to emphasise the eco-design of the white goods, and researchers in developing effective strategies to encourage energy conservation practices on a larger scale.