Oppenheimer–Snyder Type Collapse for a Collisionless Gas

Journal article, 2025

In 1939, Oppenheimer and Snyder showed that the continued gravitational collapse of a self-gravitating matter distribution can result in the formation of a black hole, cf. Oppenheimer and Snyder (Phys Rev 56:455–459, 1939). In this paper, which has greatly influenced the evolution of ideas around the concept of a black hole, matter was modeled as dust, a fluid with pressure equal to zero. We prove that when the corresponding initial data are suitably approximated by data for a collisionless gas as modeled by the Vlasov equation, then a trapped surface forms before the corresponding solution to the Einstein–Vlasov system can develop a singularity and again a black hole arises. As opposed to the dust case the pressure does not vanish for such solutions. As a necessary starting point for the analysis, which is carried out in Painlevé–Gullstrand coordinates, we prove a local existence and uniqueness theorem for regular solutions together with a corresponding extension criterion. The latter result will also become useful when one perturbs dust solutions containing naked singularities in the Vlasov framework.