Impurity study in the dimensionless and dimensional isotope identity experiment between JET Deuterium and Tritium L-mode plasmas
Journal article, 2025
The behaviour of impurities in fusion plasmas is of crucial importance for achieving sustained fusion reactions, and understanding similarities and differences between Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T) plasmas is needed to assess potential changes from DD to DT in ITER and future reactors. The first dimensionless and dimensional isotope identity experiments between Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T) L-mode plasmas were conducted at the JET W/Be wall. In the first approach, the discharges with matched ρ∗, ν∗, βn, q, and Te/Ti were compared to emphasize direct isotope effects, while in the dimensional approach engineering parameters such as toroidal magnetic field BT, plasma current Ip, plasma electron density and NBI power PNBI were matched. The dimensionless isotope scaling showed an improvement in global confinement and local transport in T plasmas in comparison to the matched D one (Cordey et al 1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 301). Detailed impurity analyses using VUV, visible spectroscopy, SXR cameras, and bolometry revealed that T plasmas exhibited higher radiation and impurity content, particularly Ni and W, compared to D plasmas. Understanding the origin of the increased impurity content is addressed in this paper. The dimensionless experiments showed differences in impurity transport. The Be source behaviour varied: D plasmas had higher Be influx in the dimensionless approach due to lower electron density and enhanced sputtering (Saibene et al 1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 1133), while T plasmas showed a higher Be source in the dimensional experiments, highlighting isotope mass effects. W in the divertor region was not sputtered by hydrogen isotopes. W in the divertor region was not sputtered by hydrogen isotopes. In the dimensionless experiments, W sputtering was primarily influenced by Ni in T plasmas and by Be in D plasmas. However, in the dimensional approach, Be played a more significant role in W sputtering within T plasmas. MHD instabilities, including ST oscillations, were present in all cases other ones were correlated with NBI power levels; higher NBI power led to elevated levels of Be, Ni, and W impurities. The comprehensive comparison underscores the necessity of accounting for isotope mass effects in predictive modelling and optimization of plasma performance in fusion reactors.
impurities
H isotopes
fusion
tritium plasmas
tokamak
Author
A. Czarnecka
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
E. Joffrin
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Wischmeier
Max Planck Society
M. Baruzzo
ENEA
A.H. Hakola
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
A. Kappatou
Max Planck Society
B. Labit
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
E. Tsitrone
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
N. Vianello
ENEA
D. Abate
University of Padua
J. Adamek
Czech Academy of Sciences
M. Agostini
University of Padua
C. Albert
Technische Universität Graz
F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam
Aalto University
E. Alessi
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
S.Y. Allan
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
J. Allcock
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Alonzo
ENEA
G. Anastassiou
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
C. Angioni
Max Planck Society
Y. Anquetin
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
L. Appel
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
G. Apruzzese
ENEA
M. Ariola
Consorzio CREATE
C. Arnas
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
W. Arter
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
L. Aucone
University of Milano-Bicocca
M.H. Aumeunier
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
F. Auriemma
University of Padua
A. Baciero
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
F. Bagnato
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Balázs
Centre for Energy Research
L. Balbinot
University of Padua
I. Balboa
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Balden
Max Planck Society
A. Balestri
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Baquero-Ruiz
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
T. Barberis
Polytechnic University of Turin
Dániel Dunai
Centre for Energy Research
M. Dunne
Max Planck Society
A. Durif
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
B. Duval
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Dux
Max Planck Society
T. Eich
Max Planck Society
A. Ekedahl
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S.D. Elmore
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
G. Ericsson
Uppsala University
J. Eriksson
Uppsala University
B. Eriksson
Uppsala University
F. Eriksson
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
A. Escarguel
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
B. Esposito
ENEA
T. Estrada
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
E. Fable
Max Planck Society
M. Faitsch
Max Planck Society
N. Fakhrayi Mofrad
Aalto University
A. Fanni
University of Cagliari
T. Farley
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Farnik
Czech Academy of Sciences
N. Fedorczak
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
F Felici
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
X. Feng
Durham University
J. Ferreira
Instituto Superior Tecnico
D.R. Ferreira
Instituto Superior Tecnico
N. Ferron
University of Padua
O. Ficker
Czech Academy of Sciences
A.R. Field
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
A.C.A. Figueiredo
Instituto Superior Tecnico
D. Fiorucci
ENEA
M. Firdaouss
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Fischer
Max Planck Society
M. Fitzgerald
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Flebbe
Jülich Research Centre
M. Fontana
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
J. Fontdecaba Climent
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
P. Mulholland
Eindhoven University of Technology
M. Muraglia
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
A. Murari
University of Padua
A. Muraro
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
P. Muscente
University of Padua
D. Mykytchuk
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
F. Nabais
Instituto Superior Tecnico
Y. Nakeva
Tuscia University
F. Napoli
ENEA
E. Nardon
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. F. Nave
Instituto Superior Tecnico
R.D. Nem
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
A.H. Nielsen
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
S. K. Nielsen
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
M. Nocente
University of Milano-Bicocca
R. Nouailletas
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Nowak
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
H. Nystrom
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
R. Ochoukov
Max Planck Society
N. Offeddu
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
Soma Olasz
Centre for Energy Research
F. Oliva
University of Rome Tor Vergata
D. Oliveira
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
H. Oliver
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
P. Ollus
Aalto University
J. Ongena
Royal Military Academy
F. Orsitto
ENEA
N. Osborne
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
R. Otin
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
P. Oyola Dominguez
University of Seville
D. Palade
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
S. Palomba
University of Rome Tor Vergata
O. Pan
Max Planck Society
N. Panadero
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
E. Panontin
University of Milano-Bicocca
Aristeides D. Papadopoulos
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
P. Papagiannis
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
Gergely Papp
Max Planck Society
V.V. Parail
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
C. Pardanaud
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
T. Tala
ITER Organization
I. Ivanova-Stanik
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
N. Wendler
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
I. Carvalho
Culham Science Centre
P. Carvalho
ENEA
I. Coffey
ENEA
A. Kirjasuo
ITER Organization
M. Lennholm
ENEA
S. Menmuir
ENEA
G. Pucella
Max Planck Society
A. Salmi
ITER Organization
B. Thomas
ENEA
C. Maggi
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
N. Abid
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P. Abreu
ENEA
O. Adabonyan
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Afzal
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
I. Ahmad
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Akhtar
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Albanese
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
E. Alessi
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
P B Aleynikov
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Aleynikov
University of Padua
J. Alguacil
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Ali
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
H. Allen
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Allinson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Alonzo
Technische Universität Graz
E. Paulo Alves
ENEA
R. Ambrosino
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
P. Andrew
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Angelone
Technische Universität Graz
C. Angioni
University of Padua
I. Antoniou
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
L.C. Appel
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Appelbee
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Aleiferis
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
S. Aleiferis
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Aramunde
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Ariola
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
G. Arnoux
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Alhage
Ghent university
G. Artaserse
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Alhage
Czech Academy of Sciences
W. Arter
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
V. Artigues
University of Padua
F. J. Artola
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Ash
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E. Andersson Sundén
Uppsala University
D. Auld
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E. Andersson Sundén
Aalto University
F. Auriemma
Max Planck Society
Y. Austin
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
L. Avotina
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
A. Baciero
Consorzio CREATE
I. Balboa
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Balden
University of Padua
N. Balshaw
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
V. Bandaru
University of Padua
J. F. Artaud
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J.W. Banks
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. F. Artaud
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
A. Banon-Navarro
University of Padua
O. Asztalos
Centre for Energy Research
M. Barnes
University of Cagliari
O. Asztalos
Ghent university
R. Barnsley
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
J. Ayllon
University of Seville
E. Aymerich
University of Cagliari
J. Ayllon
Uppsala University
E. Aymerich
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
L. Bähner
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
F. Bairaktaris
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
L. Bähner
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
F. Bairaktaris
Centre for Energy Research
M. Baruzzo
Technische Universität Graz
M. Bassan
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Batista
ENEA
P. Batistoni
Technische Universität Graz
C. Barcellona
University of Catania
C. Barcellona
University of Milano-Bicocca
O. Bardsley
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
O. Bardsley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
L. Baumane
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
B. Bauvir
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
L. Baylor
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
C. Bearcroft
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P.S. Beaumont
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Beckett
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Begolli
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Beidler
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
N. Bekris
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
M. Beldishevski
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E Belli
Polytechnic University of Turin
F. Belli
Technische Universität Graz
Sadruddin Benkadda
University of Catania
J. Bentley
Lithuanian Energy Institute
E. Bernard
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
J. Bernardo
University of California
M. Bernert
University of Padua
M. Berry
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
L. Bertalot
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
H. Betar
Institut Jean Lamour
M. N. A. Beurskens
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
P.G. Bhat
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Bickerton
University of Latvia
J. Bielecki
Jülich Research Centre
T. Biewer
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
R. Bilato
University of Cagliari
P. Bílková
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
G. Birkenmeier
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
R. Bisson
General Atomics
J. P. S. Bizarro
Comenius University in Bratislava
P. Blatchford
Princeton University
A. Bleasdale
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
V. Bobkov
University of Padua
A. Boboc
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Bock
University of Padua
G. Bodnàr
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P. Bohm
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
L. Bonalumi
Institut Jean Lamour
N. Bonanomi
University of Padua
D. Bonfiglio
Max Planck Society
P. Bonofiglo
Royal Military Academy
J. Booth
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D.N. Borba
EUROfusion Consortium
D. Borodin
Ruder Boskovic Institute
I. Borodkina
University of Texas
T.O.S.J. Bosman
Tuscia University
C Bourdelle
KU Leuven
M. Bowden
Warsaw University of Technology
S. Brezinsek
University of Rome Tor Vergata
D. Brida
University of Padua
Brix, M
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Brown
Jozef Stefan Institute
D. Brunetti
Dublin City University
M. Buckley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Buermans
Queen's University Belfast
H. Bufferand
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P. Buratti
University of Ljubljana
A. Burckhart
University of Padua
A. Burgess
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Buscarino
University of Milano-Bicocca
A. Busse
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Butcher
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G. Calabrò
University of York
R. Calado
ENEA
B. Cannas
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
N.J. Conway
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Y. Corre
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
T. Craciunescu
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
K. Crombe
KU Leuven
C. Doster
University of Padua
P. Devynck
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Di Siena
University of Padua
D. Dickinson
National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine
T. Dickson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Diez
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
P. Dinca
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
T. Dittmar
Tuscia University
Laura Dittrich
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
A.J.H. Donné
Vienna University of Technology
William D. Dorland
University of Cagliari
S.E. Dorling
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Dormido-Canto
École polytechnique
D. Douai
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
S. Dowson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Doyle
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
M. Dreval
University of Innsbruck
P. Drews
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G. Drummond
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Ph. Duckworth
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. J. Dumont
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
P Dumortier
Queen's University Belfast
D. Dunai
Ghent university
M. Dunne
University of Padua
I. Durán
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
R. Dux
University of Padua
T. Eade
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Edwards
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Eich
University of Padua
R.D. Ellis
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Emery
University of Opole
G. Ericsson
Daegu University
B. Eriksson
Daegu University
F. Eriksson
Seoul National University
J. Eriksson
Seoul National University
F Durodie
Royal Military Academy
F Durodie
Queen's University Belfast
L.-G. Eriksson
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
L.G. Eriksson
Polish Academy of Sciences
G. Evans
Complutense University
S. Evans
University of Basel
E. Fable
Jülich Research Centre
D. Fagan
University of Basel
M. Faitsch
ITER Organization
A. Fanni
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
T. Farmer
University College Cork
I. Farquhar
University College Cork
S. Fazinic
National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
N. Fedorczak
Russian Academy of Sciences
R.C. Felton
University College Cork
H. Fernandes
Vienna University of Technology
D.R. Ferreira
University of California
Jorge Ferreira
Harvard University
G. Ferrò
Sapienza University of Rome
S. Ertmer
Jülich Research Centre
J.A. Fessey
University College Cork
O. Ficker
Sapienza University of Rome
A.R. Field
Czech Technical University in Prague
A. Figueiredo
University of Lisbon
A. Fil
Czech Technical University in Prague
U. Fischer
Seoul National University
M. Fitzgerald
Columbia University
D. Flammini
Argonne National Laboratory
J. Flanagan
Consorzio Rfx
S. Foley
Consorzio Rfx
N. Fonnesu
Argonne National Laboratory
M. Fontana
Consorzio Rfx
J.M. Fontdecaba
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
L. Fortuna
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
E. Fortuna-Zalesna
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
M. Fortune
European Commission (EC)
C. Fowler
European Commission (EC)
P. Fox
European Commission (EC)
E. Fransson
ITER Organization
O. Février
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Fresa
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
O. Février
Sapienza University of Rome
D. Frigione
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Tünde-Maria Fülöp
Dublin City University
S. Gadgil
Harvard University
Kinga Gál
Sapienza University of Rome
S. Galeani
University of Rome Tor Vergata
N. Fil
Czech Technical University in Prague
T. Gans
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
J. Garcia
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
M. Garcia-Munoz
Argonne National Laboratory
L. Garzotti
Argonne National Laboratory
J. Gaspar
Max Planck Society
Renato Gatto
Max Planck Society
P. Gaudio
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
T. Gebhart
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Gee
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
F. Ghezzi
University of Latvia
L. Giacomelli
University of Cagliari
C.S. Gibson
University of Cagliari
L. Gil
Russian Academy of Sciences
M.R. Gilbert
University of Ioannina
E. Giovannozzi
Technische Universität Graz
C Giroud
University of Porto
G. Giruzzi
National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
J. Goff
University of Porto
R. Gomes
National Fusion Research Institute
J.-F. Gomez
ITER Organization
B. Gonçalves
ITER Organization
M. Goniche
Jülich Research Centre
J. Gonzalez Martin
Jülich Research Centre
A. Goodyear
University of Opole
S. Gore
University of Cagliari
G. Gorini
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
T. Görler
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
N. Gotts
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
E. Gow
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
J.P. Graves
Georgia Institute of Technology
J. Green
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
H. Greuner
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
E. Grigore
General Atomics
M. Groth
General Atomics
C. Grove
General Atomics
R. Grove
General Atomics
N. Gupta
General Atomics
S. Hacquin
University of Lorraine
J. Hall
Comenius University in Bratislava
C. Ham
Princeton University
M. Hamed
EUROfusion Consortium
M.R. Hardman
Princeton University
G.F. Harrer
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
J.R. Harrison
University of Padua
D.M. Harting
Tuscia University
N. Hawkes
University of Padua
S.S. Henderson
University of Padua
R. Henriques
University of Padua
J. Hillesheim
EUROfusion Consortium
K. Hizanidis
Universita degli studi - Roma Tre
A. Hjalmarsson
Universita degli studi - Roma Tre
A. Ho
National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
J. Hobirk
Russian Academy of Sciences
M. Hölzl
Russian Academy of Sciences
M. Hoppe
University of California
J. Horáček
Vienna University of Technology
L. Horvath
Vienna University of Technology
M. Hölzl
University of California
E. Joffrin
University of California
T. Johnson
Harvard University
C. Jones
Sapienza University of Rome
E.M. Jones
Sapienza University of Rome
T. Jones
Argonne National Laboratory
P. Kalnina
Argonne National Laboratory
A. Järvinen
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
A. Kappatou
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
D. King
European Commission (EC)
K. Kirov
New Bulgarian University (NBU)
E. Lazzaro
National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
A Loarte
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
W. Gromelski
General Atomics
P.J. Lomas
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
V. Lutsenko
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
T. Dickson
Dublin City University
M. Diez
Dublin City University
P. Dinca
Jozef Stefan Institute
T. Dittmar
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
L. Dittrich
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
A.J.H. Donné
EUROfusion Consortium
W. Dorland
University of Maryland
S. Dorling
Argonne National Laboratory
S. Dormido-Canto
Argonne National Laboratory
D. Douai
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
S. Douai
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
S. Dowson
European Commission (EC)
Rhys Doyle
European Commission (EC)
M. Dreval
European Commission (EC)
P. Drews
University of Manchester
R. Dudding
Dublin City University
P. Dumortier
Dublin City University
D. Dunai
Jozef Stefan Institute
M. Dunne
Lithuanian Energy Institute
I. Duran
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
F. Durodié
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
R. Dux
KU Leuven
T. Eade
KU Leuven
J. Edwards
Tuscia University
T. Eich
Tuscia University
R.D. Ellis
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
S. Emery
University of Texas
G. Ericsson
University of Texas
B. Eriksson
University of Texas
F. Eriksson
Ruder Boskovic Institute
J. Eriksson
Ruder Boskovic Institute
L.G. Eriksson
Ruder Boskovic Institute
L.G. Eriksson
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
G. Evans
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Keeling
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
S. Evans
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Keeling
European Commission (EC)
E. Fable
University of Padua
D. Fagan
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Faitsch
University of Padua
A. Fanni
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
T. Farmer
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
I. Farquhar
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Fazinić
University of Rome Tor Vergata
J. Dobrashian
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Dochnal
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
N. Fedorczak
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
J. Dobrashian
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Felton
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Dochnal
Warsaw University of Technology
H. Fernandes
ENEA
D.R. Ferreira
ENEA
R. Dotse
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Dotse
Laboratoire de Mathématiques J.A. Dieudonné
J. Ferreira
ENEA
G. Ferrò
University of Ljubljana
J. Fessey
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
O. Fevrier
Sapienza University of Rome
O. Ficker
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
H. Dudding
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A.R. Field
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Figueiredo
ENEA
H. Dudding
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
T. Dunatov
University of Rome Tor Vergata
J. Figueiredo
ENEA
A. Fil
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Dunatov
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
E. Eardley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
U. Fischer
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
A. Eksaeva
Tuscia University
E. Eardley
KU Leuven
H. El-Haroun
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Fitzgerald
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Eksaeva
Tuscia University
G. Ellwood
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
H. El-Haroun
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
D. Flammini
Technische Universität Graz
G. Ellwood
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
C. Elsmore
University of Opole
J. Flanagan
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Elsmore
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
S. Foley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
N. Fonnesu
Technische Universität Graz
M. Fontana
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Fontana
Sapienza University of Rome
S. Ertmer
Jülich Research Centre
J.M. Fontdecaba
Consorzio CREATE
S. Ertmer
Tuscia University
L. Fortuna
University of Milano-Bicocca
E. Fortuna-Zalesna
Durham University
D. Fajardo Jimenez
National Fusion Research Institute
M. Falessi
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
M. Fortune
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Fajardo Jimenez
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Falessi
Technische Universität Graz
C. Fowler
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
B. Faugeras
National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
P. Fox
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
B. Faugeras
Loughborough University
O. Franklin
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
K. Felker
University of California
K. Felker
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Erik Fransson
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
L. Frassinetti
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
R. Fresa
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
D. Frigione
University of Ljubljana
T. Fülöp
University of Helsinki
S. Gadgil
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
K. Gál
Vienna University of Technology
N. Fil
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
P. Finburg
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
S. Galeani
University of Ljubljana
N. Fil
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G.M. Fishpool
Columbia University
P. Finburg
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Gans
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G.M. Fishpool
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
L. Fittill
Columbia University
J. Garcia
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
L. Fittill
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. García-Muñoz
Uppsala University
Luca Garzotti
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Gaspar
Polytechnic University of Turin
R. Gatto
National Centre for Nuclear Research
P. Gaudio
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Gebhart
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
S. Gee
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Gelfusa
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. George
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Gerasimov
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Gerru
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
G. Gervasini
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Furseman
Jozef Stefan Institute
Stefano Gabriellini
National Centre for Nuclear Research
M. Gethins
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Gadariya
Jozef Stefan Institute
M. Furseman
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Z. Ghani
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Stefano Gabriellini
National Centre for Nuclear Research
D. Gadariya
Consorzio CREATE
A. Galkowski
National Science Center
D. Gallart
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)
F. Ghezzi
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
M. Gambrioli
Argonne National Laboratory
D. Gallart
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies
L. Giacomelli
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
C. Gibson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Gambrioli
Polytechnic University of Turin
L. Gil
ENEA
M.R. Gilbert
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E. Giovannozzi
Technische Universität Graz
C. Giroud
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Gear
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
G. Giruzzi
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
D. Gear
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Goff
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Gomes
ENEA
J.-F. Gomez
Polytechnic University of Milan
B. Goncalves
ENEA
M. Goniche
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Gherendi
University of Latvia
J. Gonzalez-Martin
University of Oxford
P.-I. Gherghina
University of Latvia
M. Gherendi
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Goodyear
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P.-I. Gherghina
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Gore
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
G. Gorini
Institut Jean Lamour
T. Görler
University of Padua
A. Gillgren
National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
N. Gotts
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Gillgren
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
E. Gow
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J.P. Graves
Sapienza University of Rome
V. Goloborodko
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
J. Green
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
V. Goloborodko
Eindhoven University of Technology
H. Greuner
University of Padua
E. Grigore
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
M. Groth
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
C. Grove
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Grove
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
N. Gupta
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Hacquin
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
J. Hall
Czech Academy of Sciences
C.J. Ham
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Hamed
KU Leuven
M.R. Hardman
University of Cagliari
F.S. Griph
General Atomics
G. Harrer
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
W. Gromelski
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
F.S. Griph
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J.R. Harrison
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
W. Gromelski
National Science Center
D. Harting
Tuscia University
L. Hägg
Comenius University in Bratislava
N.C. Hawkes
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Halitovs
Comenius University in Bratislava
P. Heinrich
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
L. Hägg
Aalto University
S. Henderson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Halitovs
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
R. Henriques
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Y. Haresawa
University of Padua
J.C. Hillesheim
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
K. Hizanidis
Centre for Energy Research
Y. Haresawa
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Hjalmarsson
Aalto University
A. Ho
KU Leuven
J. Hobirk
University of Padua
M. Hölzl
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Hoppe
Sapienza University of Rome
J. Horácek
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
N. Hägg
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
Z. Huang
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Huber
Tuscia University
H. Kumpulainen
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
D. King
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
K.K. Kirov
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
K. Krieger
University of Padua
J. Mailloux
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Mark Maraschek
University of Padua
G.F. Matthews
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. McDermott
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
F. Militello
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Murari
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Muraro
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
E. Nardon
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
H. Nyström
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
M. Omullane
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J Ongena
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Pitts
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
F.G. Rimini
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Rosato
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Saarelma
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. E. Sharapov
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Olde
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
S.A. Silburn
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Snell
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Olde
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
N. Smith
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Taylor
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
B. Thomas
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E. Joffrin
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
V.K. Thompson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Thorman
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A.S. Thrysoe
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
W. Tierens
University of Padua
R. A. Tinguely
University of Lorraine
A. Tipton
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
H. Todd
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Tomeš
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
A. Tookey
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
P. Tsavalas
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
D. Tskhakaya
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
L.-P. Turica
University of Cagliari
A. Turner
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
I. Turner
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Turner
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M.M. Turner
Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
G. Tvalashvili
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Tykhyy
Eindhoven University of Technology
S.G.J. Tyrrell
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Uccello
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
V. Udintsev
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Vadgama
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Valcarcel
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Valentini
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
M. Valisa
Max Planck Society
M. Vallar
Sapienza University of Rome
Martin Valovic
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Berkel
KU Leuven
K.L. van de Plassche
KU Leuven
M. van Rossem
Sapienza University of Rome
D. Van Eester
Queen's University Belfast
J. Varela
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
J. Varje
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
T. Vasilopoulou
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
G. Vayakis
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Vecsei
Ghent university
J. Vega
Consorzio CREATE
M. Veis
Polish Academy of Sciences
P. Veis
Polish Academy of Sciences
S. Ventre
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
M. Veranda
Max Planck Society
Geert Verdoolaege
Czech Academy of Sciences
C. Verona
University of Ljubljana
G. Verona Rinati
University of Ljubljana
E. Veshchev
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
E. Viezzer
Uppsala University
L. Vignitchouk
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
R. Vila
Consorzio CREATE
S. Villari
Technische Universität Graz
F. Villone
Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)
P. Vincenzi
Max Planck Society
A. Vitins
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
Z. Vizvary
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Vlad
Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion
I. Voldiner
Consorzio CREATE
U. Von Toussaint
University of Padua
P. Vondraček
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
B. Wakeling
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Walker
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Walker
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Walsh
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Walton
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
E. Wang
Tuscia University
F. Warren
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Warren
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
J. Waterhouse
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
C. Watts
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
T. Webster
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Weiland
University of Padua
H. Weisen
Sapienza University of Rome
M. Weiszflog
Aalto University
N. Wendler
National Science Center
A. West
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Wheatley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Whetham
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A.M. Whitehead
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Whittaker
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A.M. Widdowson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
S. Wiesen
Tuscia University
M. Willensdorfer
University of Padua
J.C. Williams
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
I. Wilson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
T. Wilson
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Withycombe
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
D. Witts
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
A. Wojcik-Gargula
Jülich Research Centre
E. Wolfrum
University of Padua
R. Wood
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Woodley
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Worrall
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
I. Wyss
University of Ljubljana
T. Xu
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Dmytro Yadykin
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Y. Yakovenko
Eindhoven University of Technology
Y. Yang
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)
V. Yanovskiy
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
R. Yi
Tuscia University
I. Young
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
R. Young
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
B. Zaar
Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moleculaires
R.J. Zabolockis
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
L. Zakharov
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
P. Zanca
Max Planck Society
A. Zarins
National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)
D. Zarzoso Fernandez
University of Catania
K.-D. Zastrow
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
Y. Zayachuk
The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)
M. Zerbini
Technische Universität Graz
W. Zhang
University of Padua
B. Zimmermann
University of Padua
M. Zlobinski
Tuscia University
A. Zocco
University of Padua
V.K. Zotta
National Centre for Nuclear Research
M. Zuin
Max Planck Society
W. Zwingmann
ENEA
I. Zychor
Warsaw University of Technology
Nuclear Fusion
00295515 (ISSN) 17414326 (eISSN)
Vol. 65 1 016045Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon Europe through a joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium
European Commission (EC) (101052200), 2021-01-01 -- 2025-12-31.
Subject Categories (SSIF 2025)
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
DOI
10.1088/1741-4326/ad9758