Understanding the role of the private sector in rural electrification: the case of implementation of mini-grid projects in Mozambique

Journal article, 2026

Purpose - This study analyses the role of private sector involvement in the deployment of mini-grids projects in rural Mozambique. Design/methodology/approach - Based on a qualitative phenomenological design and using the Gioia methodology for data analysis, the study analyses data from 13 in-depth interviews with representatives from government institutions, and local companies, the findings show that decision-making authority is concentrated within a small number of public institutions, while coordination mechanisms across actors remains limited. Findings - Private engagement occurs mainly through short-term technical contracts with minimal influence over planning, design or long-term operational arrangements. Regulatory gaps, overlapping institutional mandates and the absence of enabling mechanisms such as clear licensing pathways, concession frameworks or structured platforms for public-private interaction further restrict the scope of private participation. Research limitations/implications - The study advances understanding of how institutional arrangements shape private sector participation in state-led mini-grid systems. However, the findings are context-specific and based on qualitative evidence, limiting broader generalization. Practical implications - Strengthening private sector participation requires greater regulatory clarity, improved coordination mechanisms and governance arrangements that enable broader operational responsibilities. Social implications - Enhanced public-private collaboration can improve the sustainability of rural electrification, contributing to better service delivery and expanded energy access for rural communities. Originality/value - This study contributes to the literature on decentralized electrification by providing empirical grounded insights into how centralized governance structures shape private sector roles and constraints in mini-grid implementation. The findings highlight the need for institutional reforms that strengthen coordination, clarify regulatory procedures and expand opportunities for private actors to engage beyond project execution, supporting a more collaborative and sustainable model for expanding energy access.