From In-Ear Canal to Neural Dynamics–Electroencephalography for Everyday Brain Sensing †

Journal article, 2026

This paper describes the development and testing of a portable in-ear electroencephalography (EEG) system that uses dry electrodes made from different materials. Brain signals were collected from electrodes placed inside the ear and around the ear and were compared with signals recorded using standard scalp EEG systems. The results indicate that EEG signals recorded from the ear show a clear correlation with those obtained from scalp electrodes. At the same time, the in-ear system provides better user comfort, fewer movement-related artifacts, and a more discreet form factor. Even though the signal-to-noise ratio is slightly lower than in conventional EEG systems, the device remains suitable for portable and long-term recordings. These findings confirm that in-ear-EEG technology is a viable solution for applications in audiology, neuroscience, clinical brain monitoring, and brain–computer interface systems.