It Takes Two Planets in Resonance to Tango around K2-146
Journal article, 2020

K2-146 is a cool, 0.358M dwarf that was found to host a mini-Neptune with a 2.67 day period. The planet exhibited strong transit timing variations (TTVs) of greater than 30 minutes, indicative of the presence of an additional object in the system. Here we report the discovery of the previously undetected outer planet in the system, K2-146 c, using additional photometric data. K2-146 c was found to have a grazing transit geometry and a 3.97 day period. The outer planet was only significantly detected in the latter K2 campaigns presumably because of precession of its orbital plane. The TTVs of K2-146 b and c were measured using observations spanning a baseline of almost 1200 days. We found strong anti -correlation in the TTVs, suggesting the two planets are gravitationally interacting. Our TTV and transit model analyses revealed that K2-146 b has a radius of 2.25 0.10 Re and a mass of 5.6 0.7 Me, whereas K2-146 c has a radius of 2.591 Re and a mass of 7.1 0.9 Me. The inner and outer planets likely have moderate eccentricities of e = 0.14 0.07 and 0.16 0.07, respectively. Long-term numerical integrations of the two -planet orbital solution show that it can be dynamically stable for at least 2 Myr. We show that the resonance angles of the planet pair are librating, which may be an indication that K2-146 b and c are in a 3:2 mean motion resonance. The orbital architecture of the system points to a possible convergent migration origin.

MASS

DYNAMICS

PHOTOMETRY

SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS

ALGORITHM

CURVES

TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

MIGRATION

SUPER-EARTHS

Author

Kristine W. F. Lam

Technische Universität Berlin

Judith Korth

University of Cologne

Kento Masuda

Princeton University

Szilard Csizmadia

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Philipp Eigmueller

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Gumundur Kari Stefansson

Pennsylvania State University

Michael Endl

The University of Texas at Austin

Simon Albrecht

Aarhus University

Paul Robertson

Pennsylvania State University

Rafael Luque

University of La Laguna

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

John H. Livingston

University of Tokyo

Teruyuki Hirano

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Roi Alonso Sobrino

University of La Laguna

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

Oscar Barragan

University of Oxford

Juan Cabrera

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Ilaria Carleo

Wesleyan University

Alexander Chaushev

Technische Universität Berlin

William D. Cochran

The University of Texas at Austin

Fei Dai

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Princeton University

Jerome de Leon

University of Tokyo

Hans J. Deeg

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Anders Erikson

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Massimiliano Esposito

Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg

Technische Universität Berlin

Malcolm Fridlund

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

Akihiko Fukui

National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Davide Gandolfi

University of Turin

Iskra Georgieva

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

Luca Gonzalez Cuesta

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Sascha Grziwa

University of Cologne

Eike W. Guenther

Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg

Artie P. Hatzes

Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg

Diego Hidalgo

University of La Laguna

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

Maria Hjorth

Aarhus University

Petr Kabath

Czech Academy of Sciences

Emil Knudstrup

Aarhus University

Mikkel N. Lund

Aarhus University

Suvrath Mahadevan

Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds

Pennsylvania State University

Savita Mathur

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Pilar Montanes Rodriguez

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Felipe Murgas

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Norio Narita

National Institutes of Natural Sciences

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

Japan Science and Technology Agency

David Nespral

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Prajwal Niraula

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

Enric Palle

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Martin Paetzold

University of Cologne

Carina Persson

Chalmers, Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasmaphysics

Jorge Prieto-Arranz

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias

University of La Laguna

Heike Rauer

Technische Universität Berlin

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Freie Universität Berlin

Seth Redfield

Wesleyan University

Ignasi Ribas

Institute of Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC)

Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)

Marek Skarka

Czech Academy of Sciences

Masaryk University

Alexis M. S. Smith

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Jan Subjak

Czech Academy of Sciences

Charles University

Vincent Van Eylen

University College London (UCL)

Princeton University

Astronomical Journal

0004-6256 (ISSN) 1538-3881 (eISSN)

Vol. 159 3 120

Subject Categories

Aerospace Engineering

Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology

Other Physics Topics

DOI

10.3847/1538-3881/ab66c9

More information

Latest update

4/20/2023