Herschel Survey of Galactic OH+, H2O+, and H3O+: Probing the Molecular Hydrogen Fraction and Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2015
In diffuse interstellar clouds the chemistry that leads to the formation of the oxygen-bearing ions OH+, H2O+, and H3O+ begins with the ionization of atomic hydrogen by cosmic rays, and continues through subsequent hydrogen abstraction reactions involving H2. Given these reaction pathways, the observed abundances of these molecules are useful in constraining both the total cosmic-ray ionization rate of atomic hydrogen (ζH) and molecular hydrogen fraction (f_H_2). We present observations targeting transitions of OH+, H2O+, and H3O+ made with the Herschel Space Observatory along 20 Galactic sight lines toward bright submillimeter continuum sources. Both OH+ and H2O+ are detected in absorption in multiple velocity components along every sight line, but H3O+ is only detected along 7 sight lines. From the molecular abundances we compute f_H_2 in multiple distinct components along each line of sight, and find a Gaussian distribution with mean and standard deviation 0.042 ± 0.018. This confirms previous findings that OH+ and H2O+ primarily reside in gas with low H2 fractions. We also infer ζH throughout our sample, and find a lognormal distribution with mean log (ζH) = –15.75 (ζH = 1.78 × 10–16 s–1) and standard deviation 0.29 for gas within the Galactic disk, but outside of the Galactic center. This is in good agreement with the mean and distribution of cosmic-ray ionization rates previously inferred from H_3^+ observations. Ionization rates in the Galactic center tend to be 10-100 times larger than found in the Galactic disk, also in accord with prior studies.
Författare
N. Indriolo
University of Michigan
Johns Hopkins University
D.A. Neufeld
Johns Hopkins University
M. Gerin
Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)
P. Schilke
Universität zu Köln
A.O. Benz
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH)
B. Winkel
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
K.M. Menten
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E.T. Chambers
Universität zu Köln
John H Black
Chalmers, Rymd- och geovetenskap, Radioastronomi och astrofysik
S. Bruderer
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. Falgarone
Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)
B. Godard
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)
LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matiere en Astrophysique et Atmospheres
J. R. Goicoechea
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
H. Gupta
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
D. C. Lis
LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matiere en Astrophysique et Atmospheres
California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC)
V. Ossenkopf
Universität zu Köln
Carina Persson
Chalmers, Rymd- och geovetenskap, Radioastronomi och astrofysik
P. Sonnentrucker
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)
F. F. S. van der Tak
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON)
E. F. van Dishoeck
Universiteit Leiden
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Wolfire
University of Maryland
F. Wyrowski
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Astrophysical Journal
0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)
Vol. 800 1 40- 40Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Fundament
Grundläggande vetenskaper
DOI
10.1088/0004-637X/800/1/40