Precise mass determination for the keystone sub-Neptune planet transiting the mid-type M dwarf G 9-40
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2022
Context. Despite being a prominent subset of the exoplanet population discovered in the past three decades, the nature and provenance of sub-Neptune-sized planets is still one of the open questions in exoplanet science. Aims. For planets orbiting bright stars, precisely measuring the orbital and planet parameters of the system is the best approach to distinguish between competing theories regarding their formation and evolution. Methods. We obtained 69 new radial velocity observations of the mid-M dwarf G 9-40 with the CARMENES instrument to measure for the first time the mass of its transiting sub-Neptune planet, G 9-40 b, discovered in data from the K2 mission. Results. Combined with new observations from the TESS mission during Sectors 44, 45, and 46, we are able to measure the radius of the planet to an uncertainty of 3.4% (R-b = 1.900 +/- 0.065 R-circle plus) and determine its mass with a precision of 16% (M-b = 4.00 +/- 0.63 M-circle plus). The resulting bulk density of the planet is inconsistent with a terrestrial composition and suggests the presence of either a water-rich core or a significant hydrogen-rich envelope. Conclusions. G 9-40 b is referred to as a keystone planet due to its location in period-radius space within the radius valley. Several theories offer explanations for the origin and properties of this population and this planet is a valuable target for testing the dependence of those models on stellar host mass. By virtue of its brightness and small size of the host, it joins L 98-59 d as one of the two best warm (T-eq similar to 400 K) sub-Neptunes for atmospheric characterization with JWST, which will probe cloud formation in sub-Neptune-sized planets and break the degeneracies of internal composition models.
techniques: radial velocities
stars: low-mass
stars: individual: G 9-40
techniques: photometric
planetary systems
Författare
R. Luque
University of Chicago
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
G. Nowak
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
T. Hirano
Astrobiology Center, Japan
D. Kossakowski
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. Palle
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Universidad de la Laguna
M. C. Nixon
University of Cambridge
Giuseppe Morello
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Universidad de la Laguna
P. J. Amado
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
S. H. Albrecht
Aarhus Universitet
J. A. Caballero
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)
C. Cifuentes
European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC)
W. D. Cochran
The University of Texas at Austin
H. J. Deeg
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Universidad de la Laguna
S. Dreizler
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
E. Esparza-Borges
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
A. Fukui
University of Tokyo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
D. Gandolfi
Universita degli Studi di Torino
E. Goffo
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
Universita degli Studi di Torino
E. W. Guenther
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
A. P. Hatzes
Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg
T. Henning
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
P. Kabath
Czech Academy of Sciences
K. Kawauchi
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Universidad de la Laguna
Judith Korth
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
T. Kotani
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
T. Kudo
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
M. Kuzuhara
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
M. Lafarga
The University of Warwick
K. W. F. Lam
Deutsches Zentrums für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
J. Livingston
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Astrobiology Center, Japan
J. C. Morales
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Alexandra Muresan
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
F. Murgas
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
N. Narita
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
University of Tokyo
Astrobiology Center, Japan
H. L. M. Osborne
University College London (UCL)
H. Parviainen
Universidad de la Laguna
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
V. M. Passegger
University of Oklahoma
Hamburger Sternwarte
Carina Persson
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
A. Quirrenbach
Universität Heidelberg
S. Redfield
Wesleyan University
S. Reffert
Universität Heidelberg
A. Reiners
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
I Ribas
Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
L. M. Serrano
Universita degli Studi di Torino
M. Tamura
Astrobiology Center, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
University of Tokyo
V. Van Eylen
University College London (UCL)
N. Watanabe
University of Tokyo
M. R. Zapatero Osorio
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Astronomy and Astrophysics
0004-6361 (ISSN) 1432-0746 (eISSN)
Vol. 666 A154Ämneskategorier (SSIF 2011)
Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi
Annan fysik
DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/202244426