Disk Wind Feedback from High-mass Protostars. II. The Evolutionary Sequence
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2023

Star formation is ubiquitously associated with the ejection of accretion-powered outflows that carve bipolar cavities through the infalling envelope. This feedback is expected to be important for regulating the efficiency of star formation from a natal prestellar core. These low-extinction outflow cavities greatly affect the appearance of a protostar by allowing the escape of shorter-wavelength photons. Doppler-shifted CO line emission from outflows is also often the most prominent manifestation of deeply embedded early-stage star formation. Here, we present 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a disk wind outflow from a protostar forming from an initially 60 M ⊙ core embedded in a high-pressure environment typical of massive star-forming regions. We simulate the growth of the protostar from m * = 1 M ⊙ to 26 M ⊙ over a period of ∼100,000 yr. The outflow quickly excavates a cavity with a half opening angle of ∼10° through the core. This angle remains relatively constant until the star reaches 4 M ⊙. It then grows steadily in time, reaching a value of ∼50° by the end of the simulation. We estimate a lower limit to the star formation efficiency (SFE) of 0.43. However, accounting for continued accretion from a massive disk and residual infall envelope, we estimate that the final SFE may be as high as ∼0.7. We examine observable properties of the outflow, especially the evolution of the cavity's opening angle, total mass, and momentum flux, and the velocity distributions of the outflowing gas, and compare with the massive protostars G35.20-0.74N and G339.88-1.26 observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), yielding constraints on their intrinsic properties.

Författare

Jan Staff

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik

University of The Virgin Islands

Kei E.I. Tanaka

Tokyo Institute of Technology

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

University of Colorado at Boulder

Jon P Ramsey

University of Virginia

Yichen Zhang

University of Virginia

Jonathan Tan

University of Virginia

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik

Astrophysical Journal

0004-637X (ISSN) 1538-4357 (eISSN)

Vol. 947 1 40

Ämneskategorier

Rymd- och flygteknik

Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi

Atom- och molekylfysik och optik

DOI

10.3847/1538-4357/acbd47

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Senast uppdaterat

2023-05-29