The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. II. Evolution to the local universe

Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2023

We present predictions for cosmic evolution of populations of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) forming from Population III.1 seeds, i.e. early, metal-free dark matter minihaloes forming far from other sources, parametrized by isolation distance, d(iso). Extending previous work that explored this scenario to z = 10, we follow evolution of a (60 Mpc)(3) volume to z = 0. We focus on evolution of SMBH comoving number densities, halo occupation fractions, angular clustering, and 3D clustering, exploring a range of d(iso) constrained by observed local number densities of SMBHs. We also compute synthetic projected observational fields, in particular, a case comparable to the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. We compare Pop III.1 seeding to a simple halo mass threshold model, commonly adopted in cosmological simulations of galaxy formation. Major predictions of the Pop III.1 model include that all SMBHs form by z similar to 25, after which their comoving number densities are near-constant, with low merger rates. Occupation fractions evolve to concentrate SMBHs in the most massive haloes by z = 0, but with rare cases of SMBHs in haloes down to similar to 10(8) M-circle dot. The d(iso) scale at epoch of formation, e.g. 100 kpc-proper at z similar to 30, i.e. similar to 3 Mpc-comoving, is imprinted in the SMBH two-point angular correlation function, remaining discernible as a low-amplitude feature to z similar to 1. The SMBH 3D two-point correlation function at z = 0 also shows lower amplitude compared to equivalently massive haloes. We discuss prospects for testing these predictions with observational surveys of SMBH populations.