Experimental research on the TCV tokamak
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2024
Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, βN ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance (H98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.
SPC
review
plasma
EPFL
TCV
Författare
B. Duval
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Abdolmaleki
DeepMind
M. Agostini
Consorzio Rfx
C.J. Ajay
University of York
S. Alberti
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
E. Alessi
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
G. Anastasiou
Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis
Y. Andrebe
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G. Apruzzese
ENEA
F. Auriemma
Consorzio Rfx
J.M. Ayllon-Guerola
Universidad de Sevilla
F. Bagnato
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Baillod
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
F. Bairaktaris
University of Athens
L. Balbinot
Consorzio Rfx
A. Balestri
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Baquero-Ruiz
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Barcellona
Universita degli Studi di Catania
M. Bernert
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
W. Bin
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
P. Blanchard
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
J.A. Boedo
University of California
T. Bolzonella
Consorzio Rfx
F. Bombarda
ENEA
L. Boncagni
ENEA
M. Bonotto
Consorzio Rfx
T.O.S.J. Bosman
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
Daniele Brida
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. Brunetti
Culham Science Centre
J. Buchli
DeepMind
J. Buerman
P. Buratti
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
A. Burckhart
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
D. Busil
Politecnico di Milano
J. Caloud
Czech Academy of Sciences
Y. Camenen
Aix-Marseille Université
A. Cardinali
ENEA
S. Carli
KU Leuven
D. Carnevale
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
F. Carpanese
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Carpita
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Castaldo
ENEA
F. Causa
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
J. Cavalier
Czech Academy of Sciences
M. Cavedon
Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca
J. Cazabonne
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
J. Cerovsky
Czech Academy of Sciences
S. Chapman
Culham Science Centre
M. Chernyshova
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
P. Chmielewski
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
A. Chomiczewska
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
G. Ciraolo
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
S. Coda
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Colandrea
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Contré
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Coosemans
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
L. Cordaro
Consorzio Rfx
S. Costea
Institut Jožef Stefan
T. Craciunescu
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
K. Crombe
Koninklijke Militaire School
A. Dal Molin
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
O. D’Arcangelo
ENEA
D. de Las Casas
DeepMind
J. Decker
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
J. Degrave
DeepMind
H. De Oliveira
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G. F. Derks
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
L.E. di Grazia
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
C. Donner
DeepMind
M. Dreval
National Science Center
M. Dunne
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
B. Esposito
ENEA
T. Ewalds
DeepMind
M. Faitsch
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Farník
Czech Academy of Sciences
A. Fasoli
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
F Felici
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Jorge Ferreira
Instituto Superior Tecnico
O. Février
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
O. Ficker
Czech Academy of Sciences
A. Frank
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Erik Fransson
Chalmers, Fysik, Kondenserad materie- och materialteori
L. Frassinetti
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH)
L. Fritz
DeepMind
Ivo Furno
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
D. Galassi
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
K. Galazka
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
J. Galdon-Quiroga
Universidad de Sevilla
S. Galeani
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
C. Galperti
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
S. Garavaglia
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Garcia-Munoz
Universidad de Sevilla
P. Gaudio
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
M. Gelfusa
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
J. Genoud
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Gerrú Miguelanez
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
G. Ghillardi
ENEA
M. Giacomin
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
L. Gil
Instituto Superior Tecnico
A. Gillgren
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
C Giroud
Culham Science Centre
T. Golfinopoulos
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
T. Goodman
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G. Gorini
DeepMind
S. Gorno
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G. Grenfell
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Griener
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Gruca
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
T. Gyergyek
Institut Jožef Stefan
R. Hafner
DeepMind
M. Hamed
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
D. Hamm
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
W. Han
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
G.F. Harrer
Osterreichische Akademie Der Wissenschaften
J.R. Harrison
Culham Science Centre
D. Hassabis
DeepMind
S.S. Henderson
Culham Science Centre
P. Hennequin
École polytechnique
J. Hidalgo-Salaverri
Universidad de Sevilla
J.-Ph. Hogge
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Hoppe
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
J. Horáček
Czech Academy of Sciences
A. Huber
DeepMind
E. Huett
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Iantchenko
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Innocente
Consorzio Rfx
C. Ionita Schrittwieser
University of Innsbruck
I. Ivanova-Stanik
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
M. Jablczynska
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
A. Jansen van Vuuren
Universidad de Sevilla
A. Jardin
Polish Academy of Sciences
H. Jarleblad
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
A. Järvinen
Aalto-Yliopisto
J. Kalis
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
R. Karimov
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Karpushov
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
K. Kavukcuoglu
DeepMind
J. Kay
DeepMind
Y. Kazakov
Koninklijke Militaire School
J. Keeling
DeepMind
A. Kirjasuo
Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus (VTT)
J. Koenders
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
P. Kohli
DeepMind
M. Komm
Czech Academy of Sciences
M. Kong
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
J. Kovacic
Institut Jožef Stefan
E. Kowalska-Strzȩciwilk
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
O. Krutkin
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
O. Kudlacek
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
U. Kumar
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Kwiatkowski
Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych
B. Labit
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
L. Laguardia
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
E. Łaszyńska
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
A. Lazaros
University of Athens
K. Lee
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
E. Lerche
Koninklijke Militaire School
B. Linehan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
D. Liuzza
ENEA
T. Lunt
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. Macusova
Czech Academy of Sciences
D. Mancini
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Mantica
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
Mark Maraschek
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
G. Marceca
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
S. Marchioni
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Mariani
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Marin
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Marinoni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
L. Martellucci
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Y. Martin
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Martin
Consorzio Rfx
L. Martinelli
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
F. Martinelli
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
J. R. Martìn-Solìs
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
S. Masillo
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Masocco
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
V. Masson
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Mathews
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Mattei
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
D. Mazon
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
S. Mazzi
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
S. Mazzi
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
S.Y. Medvedev
Tokamak Energy Ltd
C. Meineri
Consorzio Rfx
A. Mele
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
V. Menkovski
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
A. Merle
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
H.F. Meyer
Culham Science Centre
K. Mikszuta-Michalik
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
I. Miron
National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics
P.A. Molina Cabrera
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Moro
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
A. Murari
Consorzio Rfx
P. Muscente
Consorzio Rfx
D. Mykytchuk
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
F. Nabais
Instituto Superior Tecnico
F. Napoli
ENEA
R.D. Nem
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
M. Neunert
DeepMind
S. K. Nielsen
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
A.H. Nielsen
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
M. Nocente
Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca
S. Noury
DeepMind
S. Nowak
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
H. Nystrom
Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH)
N. Offeddu
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Soma Olasz
Centre for Energy Research
F. Oliva
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
D. Oliveira
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
F. Orsitto
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
N. Osborne
University of Liverpool
P. Oyola Dominguez
Universidad de Sevilla
O. Pan
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
E. Panontin
Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca
Aristeides D. Papadopoulos
University of Athens
P. Papagiannis
University of Athens
Gergely Papp
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Passoni
Politecnico di Milano
F. Pastore
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Pau
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
R. Pavlichenko
National Science Center
A.C. Pedersen
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
M. Pedrini
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G. Pelka
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
E. Peluso
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
A. Perek
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Perez vonThun
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
F. Pesamosca
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
D. Pfau
DeepMind
V. Piergotti
ENEA
L. Pigatto
Consorzio Rfx
C. Piron
ENEA
L. Piron
Consorzio Rfx
A. Pironti
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
U. Plank
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V V Plyusnin
Instituto Superior Tecnico
Y. Poels
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
G.I. Pokol
Centre for Energy Research
J. Poley-Sanjuan
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Poradziński
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
L. Porte
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Possieri
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
A. Poulsen
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
M. Pueschel
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
T. Pütterich
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
V. Quadri
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
M. Rabinski
Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych
R. Ragona
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
H. Raj
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Redl
Universita degli Studi della Tuscia
H. Reimerdes
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C Reux
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
D. Ricci
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Riedmiller
DeepMind
S. Rienacker
École polytechnique
D. Rigamonti
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
N. Rispoli
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez
Culham Science Centre
C.F. Romero Madrid
Universidad de Sevilla
J. Rueda Rueda
Universidad de Sevilla
P. Ryan
Culham Science Centre
M. Salewski
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
A. Salmi
Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus (VTT)
M. Sassano
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
O. Sauter
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
N. Schoonheere
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
R. Schrittwieser
University of Innsbruck
F. Sciortino
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
A. Selce
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
L. Senni
ENEA
S. E. Sharapov
Culham Science Centre
U. Sheikh
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
B. Sieglin
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
M. Silva
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
D. Silvagni
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
L. Simons
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
E. R. Solano
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion
C. Sozzi
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
M. Spolaore
Consorzio Rfx
L. Spolladore
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
A. Stagni
Consorzio Rfx
Pär Strand
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
G.Y. Sun
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
W. Suttrop
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
J. Svoboda
Czech Academy of Sciences
B. Tál
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
T. Tala
Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus (VTT)
P. Tamain
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
M. Tardocchi
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
A. Tema Biwole
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A. Tenaglia
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
D. Terranova
Consorzio Rfx
D. Testa
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Theiler
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
A.J. Thornton
Culham Science Centre
A.S. Thrysoe
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
M. Tomeš
Czech Academy of Sciences
E. Tonello
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
H. Torreblanca
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
B. Tracey
DeepMind
M. Tsimpoukelli
DeepMind
C. Tsironis
University of Athens
C.K. Tsui
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Ugoletti
Consorzio Rfx
M. Vallar
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Berkel
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
S. Van Mulders
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. van Rossem
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
C. Venturini
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
M. Veranda
Consorzio Rfx
T. Verdier
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
K. Verhaegh
Culham Science Centre
L. Vermare
École polytechnique
N. Vianello
Consorzio Rfx
E. Viezzer
Universidad de Sevilla
F. Villone
Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
B. Vincent
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
P. Vincenzi
Consorzio Rfx
I. Voitsekhovitch
Culham Science Centre
L. Votta
Politecnico di Milano
N.M.T. Vu
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Y. Wang
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
E. Wang
Forschungszentrum Jülich
T Wauters
Koninklijke Militaire School
M. Weiland
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
H. Weisen
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
N. Wendler
Institute of Plasma Physics & Laser Microfusion (IPPLM)
S. Wiesen
Forschungszentrum Jülich
M. Wiesenberger
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU)
T. A. Wijkamp
Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER)
C. Wüthrich
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Dmytro Yadykin
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Astronomi och plasmafysik
H. Yang
Le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)
V. Yanovskiy
Czech Academy of Sciences
J. Zebrowski
Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych
P. Zestanakis
Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis
M. Zuin
Consorzio Rfx
M. Zurita
Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Nuclear Fusion
00295515 (ISSN) 17414326 (eISSN)
Vol. 64 11 112023Implementation of activities described in the Roadmap to Fusion during Horizon Europe through a joint programme of the members of the EUROfusion consortium
Europeiska kommissionen (EU) (101052200), 2021-01-01 -- 2025-12-31.
Ämneskategorier
Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik
DOI
10.1088/1741-4326/ad8361