State of the Art of Automated Buses
Review article, 2018
Urban transportation in the next few decades will shift worldwide toward electrification and automation, with the final aim of increasing energy efficiency and safety for passengers. Such a big change requires strong collaboration and efforts among public administration, research and stakeholders in developing, testing and promoting these technologies in public transportation. Working in this direction, this work provides a review of the impact of the introduction of driverless electric minibuses, for the first and last mile transportation, in public service. More specifically, this paper covers the state of the art in terms of technological background for automation, energy efficiency via electrification and the current state of the legal framework in Europe with a focus on the Baltic Sea Region.
electrification
intelligent urban transportation
automated buses
Author
Jaagup Ainsalu
Tallinn City Govt
Ville Arffman
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Mauro Bellone
Chalmers, Mechanics and Maritime Sciences (M2), Vehicle Engineering and Autonomous Systems
Maximilian Ellner
IKEM Inst Climate Protect Energy & Mobil
Taina Haapamaki
FLOU Solut Ltd
Noora Haavisto
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Ebba Josefson
Front Advokater
Azat Ismailogullari
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Bob Lee
Front Advokater
Olav Madland
Appl Auton Ltd
Raitis Madzulis
Zemgale Planning Reg
Jaanus Muur
Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech)
Sami Makinen
FLOU Solut Ltd
Ville Nousiainen
Forum Virium Helsinki
Eetu Pilli-Sihvola
Finnish Transport Safety Agcy Trafi
Eetu Rutanen
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Sami Sahala
Forum Virium Helsinki
Boris Schonfeldt
Vejle kommune
Piotr Marek Smolnicki
Gdansk University of Technology
Ralf-Martin Soe
Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech)
Juha Saaski
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Magdalena Szymanska
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Ingar Vaskinn
Kongsberg kommune
Milla Aman
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Sustainability
20711050 (eISSN)
Vol. 10 9 3118Areas of Advance
Information and Communication Technology
Energy
Driving Forces
Sustainable development
Subject Categories
Social Sciences Interdisciplinary
Business Administration
Zoology
DOI
10.3390/su10093118