Double doping of conjugated polymers with monomer molecular dopants
Journal article, 2019
Molecular doping is a crucial tool for controlling the charge-carrier concentration in organic semiconductors. Each dopant molecule is commonly thought to give rise to only one polaron, leading to a maximum of one donor:acceptor charge-transfer complex and hence an ionization efficiency of 100%. However, this theoretical limit is rarely achieved because of incomplete charge transfer and the presence of unreacted dopant. Here, we establish that common p-dopants can in fact accept two electrons per molecule from conjugated polymers with a low ionization energy. Each dopant molecule participates in two charge-transfer events, leading to the formation of dopant dianions and an ionization efficiency of up to 200%. Furthermore, we show that the resulting integer charge-transfer complex can dissociate with an efficiency of up to 170%. The concept of double doping introduced here may allow the dopant fraction required to optimize charge conduction to be halved.
organic electronics
organic semiconductor
molecular doping
double doping
doping efficiency
Author
David Kiefer
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Renee Kroon
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Anna Hofmann
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Hengda Sun
Linköping University
Xianjie Liu
Linköping University
Alexander Giovannitti
Imperial College London
Dominik Stegerer
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Technische Universität Chemnitz
Alexander Cano
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Jonna Hynynen
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Liyang Yu
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Yadong Zhang
Georgia Institute of Technology
Dingqi Nai
University of California at Davis
Thomas F. Harrelson
University of California at Davis
Michael Sommer
Technische Universität Chemnitz
Adam J. Moulé
University of California at Davis
Martijn Kemerink
Linköping University
Seth Marder
Georgia Institute of Technology
Iain McCulloch
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Imperial College London
Mats Fahlman
Linköping University
Simone Fabiano
Linköping University
Christian Müller
Chalmers, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Chemistry
Nature Materials
1476-1122 (ISSN) 1476-4660 (eISSN)
Vol. 18 2 149-155Areas of Advance
Energy
Materials Science
Subject Categories
Textile, Rubber and Polymeric Materials
Materials Chemistry
Condensed Matter Physics
DOI
10.1038/s41563-018-0263-6
PubMed
30643236