Improving 3D Cellular Positioning Integrity with Bayesian RAIM

Journal article, 2026

Ensuring positioning integrity amid faulty measurements is crucial for safety-critical applications, making receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) indispensable. This paper introduces a Bayesian RAIM algorithm with a streamlined architecture for 3D cellular positioning. Unlike traditional frequentist-type RAIM algorithms, it computes the exact posterior probability density function (PDF) of the position vector as a Gaussian mixture (GM) model using efficient message passing along a factor graph. This Bayesian approach retains all crucial information from the measurements, eliminates the need to discard faulty measurements, and results in tighter protection levels (PLs) in 3D space and 1D/2D subspaces that meet target integrity risk (TIR) requirements. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the Bayesian RAIM algorithm significantly outperforms a baseline algorithm, achieving over 50% PL reduction at a comparable computational cost.