Implementation of ISO 23247 for Digital Twins in Production Systems: Towards AI-Based Sustainable and XR-Based Human-Centric Manufacturing

Journal article, 2026

Since the introduction of Industry 4.0, digital twin technology has advanced dramatically, and its applications have been extensively discussed. Through digital twins, real-time connected production systems are anticipated to be more efficient, resilient, and sustainable, facilitating communication and connectivity between digital and physical systems. However, challenges remain in environmental performance and in integration of virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI). Further exploration of digital twin technologies is needed to validate the real-world impact and benefits. This paper investigates these challenges by implementing a real-time digital twin based on the ISO 23247, Automation Systems and Integration-Digital Twin Framework for Manufacturing, (Digital twin framework for manufacturing), connecting the physical factory and simulation software with VR capabilities. This digital twin system provides cognitive assistance and a user-friendly interface for operators, thereby improving cognitive ergonomics. The connection of the Internet of Things platform allows the digital twin for real-time bidirectional communication, collaboration, monitoring, and assistance. A laboratory-scale drone factory was used as the digital twin application to test and evaluate the ISO 23247 standard as well as its potential benefits. Additionally, AI integration and environmental performance key performance indicators have been considered as the next stages to improve VR-integrated digital twins. This paper further discusses how digital twins contribute to the improvement of the environmental performance of production systems, primarily from the perspective of data inventory management. Supported by a solid theoretical foundation and a laboratory-scale demonstration of the VR-integrated digital twins in a drone framework, the paper bridges the gap between possible technological integrations and the advancement of digital twins framework based on ISO 23247.