Performance assessment of state-of-the-art and novel methods for remote compliance monitoring of sulfur emissions from shipping
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2023

The fuel sulfur content (FSC) of ocean-going and inland vessels was measured simultaneously by eight different state-of-the-art and novel monitoring systems during a 6-week campaign at the Elbe River, at a distance of about 10 km to the port of Hamburg, Germany. Both stationary and airborne systems on unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs) were operated by four participating partners in a side-by-side measurement setup to measure the emission factors of the same emission sources. A novel laser spectrometer, with significantly better-precision specifications as compared with the other instruments, was used for the first time for emission monitoring regarding the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex VI regulations. The comparison took place in the North Sea sulfur emission control area (SECA), where the allowed FSC is limited to 0.10 %Sm/m. The unit %Sm/m relates to the percentage of mass sulfur per mass combusted fuel. In total, 966 plumes that originated from 436 different vessels were analysed in this study. At the same time, fuel samples obtained from 34 different vessels and bunker delivery notes (BDNs) from five frequently monitored vessels were used as a reference to assess the uncertainties of the different systems. Seven of the eight measurement systems tended to underestimate the FSC found from fuel samples and BDNs. A possible relation between underestimation and high relative humidities (above 80 %) was observed. The lowest systematic deviations were observed for the airborne systems and the novel laser spectrometer. The two UAV-borne systems showed total uncertainties of 0.07 %Sm/m and 0.09 %Sm/m (confidence level: 95 %). The novel laser spectrometer showed the lowest total uncertainty of 0.05 %Sm/m compared with other stationary sniffer systems, whose total uncertainties range from 0.08 %Sm/m to 0.09 %Sm/m. It was concluded that non-compliant vessels, with an actual FSC of the combusted fuel above 0.15 %Sm/m to 0.19 %Sm/m, can be detected by the compared systems with 95 % confidence.

Författare

Jörg Beecken

Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)

Explicit ApS

A. Weigelt

Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)

Simone Griesel

Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)

Johan Mellqvist

Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Geovetenskap och fjärranalys

Alexander V. Conde Jacobo

Danielle van Dinther

Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)

J. Duyzer

Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)

Jon Knudsen

Explicit ApS

Bettina Knudsen

Explicit ApS

L. Ntziachristos

Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

1867-1381 (ISSN) 1867-8548 (eISSN)

Vol. 16 23 5883-5895

"SCIPPER" Shipping contributions to inland pollution push for the enforcement of regulations

Europeiska kommissionen (EU) (EC/H2020/814893), 2019-05-01 -- 2022-04-30.

Ämneskategorier

Reglerteknik

Miljövetenskap

DOI

10.5194/amt-16-5883-2023

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Senast uppdaterat

2024-01-09