Ground-Based measurements of the 2014-2015 holuhraun volcanic cloud (Iceland)
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2018
The 2014-2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption at Holuhraun in central Iceland was distinguished by the high emission of gases, in total 9.6 Mt SO 2 , with almost no tephra. This work collates all ground-based measurements of this extraordinary eruption cloud made under particularly challenging conditions: remote location, optically dense cloud with high SO 2 column amounts, low UV intensity, frequent clouds and precipitation, an extensive and hot lava field, developing ramparts, and high-latitude winter conditions. Semi-continuous measurements of SO 2 flux with three scanning DOAS instruments were augmented by car traverses along the ring-road and along the lava. The ratios of other gases/SO 2 were measured by OP-FTIR, MultiGAS, and filter packs. Ratios of SO 2 /HCl = 30-110 and SO 2 /HF = 30-130 show a halogen-poor eruption cloud. Scientists on-site reported extremely minor tephra production during the eruption. OPC and filter packs showed low particle concentrations similar to non-eruption cloud conditions. Three weather radars detected a droplet-rich eruption cloud. Top of eruption cloud heights of 0.3-5.5 km agl were measured with ground-and aircraft-based visual observations, web camera and NicAIR II infrared images, triangulation of scanning DOAS instruments, and the location of SO 2 peaks measured by DOAS traverses. Cloud height and emission rate measurements were critical for initializing gas dispersal simulations for hazard forecasting.
SO2
Eruption monitoring
Bárðarbunga
Fissure eruption
Holuhraun
Cloud height
Gas
Författare
M. A. Pfeffer
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Baldur Bergsson
Icelandic Meteorological Office
S. Barsotti
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Gerður Stefánsdóttir
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Bo Galle
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Mikrovågs- och optisk fjärranalys
Santiago Arellano
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Mikrovågs- och optisk fjärranalys
Alexander Vladimir Conde Jacobo
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Mikrovågs- och optisk fjärranalys
Amy Donovan
King's College London
Evgenia Ilyinskaya
University of Leeds
Mike Burton
University of Manchester
A. Aiuppa
Universita degli Studi di Palermo
Rachel C.W. Whitty
University of Leeds
Isla Simmons
University of Edinburgh
Þórður Arason
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Elín B. Jónasdóttir
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Nicole S. Keller
Environment Agency of Iceland
Richard F. Yeo
AUV Consultants
Hermann Arngrímsson
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Þorsteinn Jóhannsson
Environment Agency of Iceland
Mary K. Butwin
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Háskóli Íslands
Robert A. Askew
Háskóli Íslands
Stéphanie Dumont
Universidade da Beira Interior
Háskóli Íslands
Sibylle Von Löwis
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Þorgils Ingvarsson
Icelandic Meteorological Office
Alessandro La Spina
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Helen Thomas
University of Bristol
Fred Prata
AIRES Pty Ltd
Fausto Grassa
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
G. Giudice
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Andri Stefánsson
Háskóli Íslands
Frank Marzano
Sapienza, Università di Roma
Mario Montopoli
Consiglo Nazionale Delle Richerche
Luigi Mereu
Sapienza, Università di Roma
Geosciences (Switzerland)
2076-3263 (eISSN)
Vol. 8 1 29Ämneskategorier
Meteorologi och atmosfärforskning
Annan geovetenskap och miljövetenskap
Geofysik
Fundament
Grundläggande vetenskaper
DOI
10.3390/geosciences8010029